Vegetation Dynamics and Ecological Disturbances in Kanawa Forest Reserve, Gombe State, Nigeria

Abstract

This study assesses vegetation dynamics and ecological disturbances in Kanawa Forest Reserve (KFR), Gombe State, Nigeria, using a combination of remote sensing, field surveys, diversity indices, and household questionnaires. Six vegetation types were identified, with Lowland Rainforest showing the highest cover (36.02%) and Grassland/Thorny the least (3.48%) in 2020. Site II (Lowland Rainforest) exhibited the highest species diversity, recording Simpson’s index values of 0.79 for trees and 0.80 for shrubs, while Site III (Grassland/Thorny) had the lowest (0.42 and 0.45, respectively), indicating richer biodiversity in less disturbed areas. Medicinal species such as Azadirachta indica and Guiera senegalensis were recorded, with known antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant properties. The forest provides vital ecosystem services such as biodiversity conservation, carbon sequestration, water regulation, and soil protection. The socio-economic survey revealed high reliance on forest resources for livelihoods, especially farming (54% of respondents), compounded by high illiteracy (85%) and low alternative income sources. Male dominance (86%) was observed in land-based activities. Despite socio-economic pressures, communities reported no land-use conflicts, suggesting sustainable interactions with the landscape. Over the past 40 years, conservation policies—such as fencing and restricted access—have contributed to biodiversity recovery and ecosystem stability in protected zones. The study underscores the importance of strict conservation measures, sustainable land-use practices, and awareness programs for forest preservation. Continuous monitoring and integration of local communities into conservation plans are essential for long-term sustainability.