Direct Research Journal of Agriculture and Food Science
Direct Research Journal of Agriculture and Food Science (DRJAFS) (ISSN 2354-4147) is an international peer-reviewed open access journal that publishes original research, comprehensive review articles, short reports, and commentaries in the field of Agricultural and Food Science. Journal Name: Direct Research Journal of Agriculture and Food Science Journal initials: DRJAFS Journal Abbreviation: Direct Res. J. Agric. and Food Sci. ISSN: 2354-4147 DOI: 10.26765/DRJAFS Model: Peer Reviewed (Double anonymous peer review) All submitted manuscripts are screen for plagiarism before peer review is done on them Software for checking (Turnitin) Frequency: 3 times a year Access Type: Open Access License Type: CC-BY OAI: OAI-PMH Copyright Holder: Author(s) retains copyright. Manifests: LOCKSS & CLOCKSS Start Year: 2013 Scilit Covered by google scholar Research Journal Seeker RoMEO Journals database J-Gate Open Academic Journals Index
Evaluation of Kenaf Varieties for Growth and Yield Characteristics
The experiment was conducted during the 2023 rainy season at two locations; Faculty of Agriculture Research Farm, Federal University Dutse and Bauchi State University, Gadau. The experiments were laid in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The result showed that, white variety (yar fara) is superior to the other variety by having the best growth parameters such as plant height (166.6cm), number of leaves (116). White variety (yar fara) also attained 50% flowering (81 days) earlier than the other variety. Black variety (yar baka), had higher fresh weight of leaves (360g), dry weight of leaves (155.3g), fibre yield per plant (911g) and fibre yield per hectare (5.29t). For better yield of fibre, black variety (yar baka) is recommended to be cultivated.
Costs and Returns Analysis Associated with Egg Production among Small Holder Poultry Farmers in Ngor Okpala Local Government Council of Imo State, Nigeria
The costs and returns analysis associated with egg production among small holder poultry farmers in Ngor Okpala Local Government Council of Imo State, Nigeria was evaluated. Primary data were collected from 30 farmers drawn from the study area using multi stage, purposive and random sampling techniques. Analysis of data was carried out with the use of descriptive statistics, net income analysis and profitability ratios. The result revealed that majority of the farmers are male (76.67 %) and 83.33 % were married. Majority of the farmers 83.33 % had post primary education. 96.67 % of the small holder poultry farmers are in their active working age of between 21 and 60 years with most of them 90 % having over 5years experience in egg production with an average bird size of 268. The net income analysis indicated that an average farmer invested annually N1, 931,634.50 in poultry egg production with a total return of N 2,325,573.13. The gross margin and net income were N491, 557.63 and N393, 938.63 respectively. These figures suggest that egg production in the study area is a profitable venture. The result further revealed that disease outbreak, high cost of feed, high cost of vaccine and drugs, high mortality rate, egg spoilage and poor power supply were identified as the problems hindering egg production in the study area. The study therefore recommends that extension agents should intensify effort to educate small holder poultry farmers about improved management practices that will lead to reduction of disease outbreak and affordable drugs and vaccine should be made available to the farmers at a substituted price by government. Government should develop and enforce livestock feeds standards in order to protect farmers from dubious feed millers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Direct Research Journal of Agriculture and Food Science
A Review of the Potential of Moringa oleifera Plantations for Economic Diversification and Climate Change Mitigation in Yobe State, Nigeria
The biggest worldwide concern today is providing food security for a growing population. In addition, the growing agricultural activities including farming and infrastructural development is putting pressure on the scarce land resources paving way for land degradation and ultimately climate change. For generations, the variety of plants has been essential to human health and well-being, providing food, nutrition, medicine, shelter, and energy. Only 7000 of the approximately 39,000 known plant species are grown or gathered for food. Governments in Sub Saharan Africa view Moringa as a preferred “developmental tree” with the ability to address a number of socioeconomic issues, including food insecurity, poverty, and malnutrition. It is a pantropical plant also known as the Horse radish tree. The objective of this review is to outline the use of Moringa oleifera plantation as a means of diversifying economy and improving food security and mitigating climate change in the Sahelian state of Yobe. A systematic literature review is adopted as a method to search on secondary materials in published journals from google scholar, PubMed, science direct, Springer and Taylor and Francis. Journals and articles covering from 2015 to 2026 were mostly searched using the key terms Moringa cultivation, food security, climate change and economic diversification. Results obtained indicate that numerous studies were conducted detailing the nutritional and therapeutic qualities of Moringa were published in mainstream scientific publications within the last eleven years (2015-2026). The literature search is limited to Moringa cultivation and economic uses only excluding other economic trees and culinary herbaceous plant. The review emphasizes Moringa's economic significance in combating starvation and its promise as a commercially viable tree species in Yobe State, advocating for the establishment of Moringa plantations to address desert encroachment. It highlights the many propagation methods of the plant including direct planting of seeds in the field or growing the seeds in the nursery. It also highlights the asexual means of propagating the plant through macro propagation methods such as budding, cutting and layering and also highlights micro propagation of the plant through the use of cell tissue culture system.
Economic diversification, Moringa oleifera, climate change, plantations
Suitability Evaluation of Wetland Soils for Tomato Production in Okobo, South-South Nigeria
This study assessed the suitability of selected wetland soils in Okobo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria, for tomato production based on their physicochemical properties. Tomato is an important vegetable crop widely consumed in the diets of people in Akwa Ibom State; however, limited studies have examined the suitability of Okobo wetland soils for its cultivation. To address this gap, two soil profile pits were excavated in two different communities and designated as Pedon 1 and Pedon 2. Soil samples collected from the profiles were analyzed to determine their physical and chemical characteristics and to evaluate their suitability for tomato production. The soil colour in Pedon 1 ranged from black (7.5YR 2/1) to dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6), while Pedon 2 ranged from dark reddish brown to dark greyish brown (10YR 4/2). The textural class varied from loamy sand to sandy loam in Pedon 1 and from sandy loam to loamy sand in Pedon 2. Organic carbon values ranged from 1.60–2.40 g/kg in Pedon 1 with a mean of 2.0 g/kg, while Pedon 2 ranged from 2.2–2.8 g/kg with a mean of 2.5 g/kg, indicating generally low organic carbon content in both pedons. Available phosphorus had a mean value of 4.45 mg/kg in Pedon 1 and 5.20 mg/kg in Pedon 2, suggesting low phosphorus availability. Soil reaction showed that the soils were acidic, with mean pH values of 5.0 in Pedon 1 and 6.25 in Pedon 2. Exchangeable bases (Ca, Mg, Na, and K) were also found to be low in both pedons. Based on the land suitability evaluation, the soils met some of the basic environmental requirements for tomato cultivation, such as appropriate texture and humid conditions; however, fertility limitations were observed. The soils were classified as marginally suitable (S3f) due to low nutrient status, particularly phosphorus deficiency. The study therefore recommends the application of both organic and inorganic fertilizers to improve soil fertility. Amendments such as bone meal, a natural fertilizer rich in phosphorus, are suggested to enhance nutrient availability, promote root development, and improve flowering and fruiting of tomato plants. These improvements would enhance the productivity of tomato cultivation in the wetland soils of Okobo.
Suitability evaluation, Tomato production, Soil physicochemical properties, Wetland soils, South-South Nigeria
Influence of Tigernut Sprouting on Nutritional, Anti-Nutritional, Functional, and Sensory Properties of Kokoro from Maize–Tigernut Composite Flours
In Africa, kokoro is a popular maize-based snack made by extruding and frying a mixture of maize flour, water, and spices. The study evaluated the snack's nutritional, anti-nutritional, functional, and sensory attributes after sprouting tigernut for 0, 24, and 48 hours and incorporating it into maize composite flour. It found that sprouting increases protein, fat, and fibre while decreasing anti-nutritional factors. Kokoro became more nutritious when tigernut flour was germinated. Sprouting for 48 hours raised kokoro's protein content from 13.03% to 21.48%. The main reason is the improved protein quality from sprouting. Kokoro made with sprouted tigernut flour had better energy and functional qualities, making it more attractive to consumers. Significant improvements in water and oil absorption capacity (WAC and OAC) were observed (P < 0.05). The peak water-absorption capacity of the TS1 and TSB samples was 1.03–1.12 g/g. TSA showed the highest oil absorption capacity (0.70-1.03 g/g), while TS1 had the lowest. The enhanced functional qualities improve texture and mouthfeel. The low bulk density makes it suitable for recipes that do not require retrogradation. Sprouting also improved kokoro's flavour. TSA (tigernut grown for 48 hours) was the most popular and was better accepted. This suggests that longer sprouting improved the taste of the kokoro snack. The research shows that sprouting tigernuts during food processing can enhance the nutritional content, functional properties, and flavour of traditional snacks like kokoro, thereby supporting health and food security.
Kokoro, Sprouting, Composite-Flour, Tigernuts, Maize, nutritional enhancement
Functional, Pasting and Sensory Properties of “Ogi” Enriched with Beetroot
This study examined the effects of graded levels of beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) flour substitution (0–20%) on the properties of ogi made from provitamin A biofortified maize to create an enriched cereal product. Composite flour formulations were made and analyzed for proximate composition, functional properties, RVA pasting properties, dietary fiber fractions, Vitamin C content, antioxidant activities, instrumental color, and sensory properties. The proximate composition was significantly affected by the addition of beetroot with varying results for moisture (9.68–13.08%), crude fat (8.59–15.16%), crude fiber (0.53–0.95%), ash (1.37–1.73%), and carbohydrates (56.03–67.40%) for the different formulations. The protein and vitamin C content increased with increasing levels of beetroot, making it a more nutrient dense product. The functional properties also became improved with the addition of the beetroot flour with the water absorption capacity (1.06–1.71 g/g), oil absorption capacity (0.64–0.71 g/g), and swelling power (5.55–6.41 g/g) all increased, suggesting a more effective and better hydrated, and binder of the product. The Rapid Visco Analyzer showed peak viscosities between 1677.50 and 2095.50 RVU. The paste with the higher level of beetroot had improved peak, trough, and final viscosities demonstrating the increased strength of the paste but also higher breakdown values demonstrating a reduction in thermal stability with increased levels of beetroot substitution. Antioxidant activity significantly increased with the addition of beetroot flour, beneficial due to the low level of antioxidants typically found in provitamin A maize. Higher levels of beetroot caused a reduction in the soluble dietary fiber content of the pastes. Sensory analysis showed that up to 10% beetroot substitution retained desirable color, taste, aroma, and overall acceptability, yet higher levels of substitution in samples caused decreased acceptability. The findings demonstrate that a balance between product composition and nutrient density can be found within an acceptable level for consumers with a biofortified plant-functional cereal product.
Nutritional Composition, Enrichment, Ogi, Beetroot, composite flour, functional food
Financial Inclusion, Capital Accumulation and Agricultural Output Growth in Nigeria: Evidence from 1993-2024
This study examines long-term trends in financial inclusion and their implications for capital accumulation and agricultural output growth in Nigeria from 1993 to 2024. Using national indicators of demand-side and supply-side financial inclusion, alongside agricultural GDP and gross fixed capital formation, the analysis documents a structural transformation of Nigeria’s financial system from widespread exclusion to digitally driven inclusion. Financial inclusion expanded rapidly after 2012, driven by fintech adoption, agent banking, and regulatory reforms, with the share of formally included adults rising from below 25% to over 65%, and financial exclusion declining sharply. Supply-side infrastructure particularly POS terminals and agent networks grew exponentially, indicating a shift from physical banking to digital delivery channels. A composite Financial Inclusion Index increased steadily from 0.22 in 2012 to 0.76 in 2023, confirming broad-based access expansion. Agricultural GDP and capital accumulation exhibited sustained upward trends, particularly after the mid-2000s, coinciding with financial sector reforms and targeted agricultural finance interventions. However, private sector credit growth lagged behind access expansion, revealing a persistent gap between financial inclusion breadth and credit depth. Despite rising account ownership and transaction access, agriculture continued to receive a disproportionately small share of formal credit, limiting the translation of inclusion gains into productive investment. The findings indicate that Nigeria’s financial inclusion progress has been largely transactional rather than investment-oriented. Policy efforts should therefore shift from access expansion toward credit deepening by strengthening agricultural finance, linking digital financial services to productive investment, improving risk-sharing mechanisms, and promoting long-term capital formation to support sustained agricultural output growth and inclusive economic development.
Financial Inclusion; Capital Accumulation; Agricultural Output Growth; Gross Fixed Capital Formation; Nigeria
Blood Indices and Carcass Characteristics of Growing Rabbits Fed Pigeon Pea (Cajanus Cajan) Meal as Replacement for Groundnut Cake at Graded Levels
Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) seeds contain approximately 20–22% crude protein and appreciable amounts of essential amino acids and minerals, suggesting their potential as an alternative protein source in animal feeding systems. Despite this nutritional potential, information on the utilization of Cajanus cajan meal (CCM) as a replacement for conventional protein sources such as groundnut cake in rabbit diets is limited, particularly with respect to its effects on haematological indices, serum biochemical parameters, and carcass characteristics of weaner rabbits. This present study evaluated the blood profile and carcass characteristics of weaner rabbits fed Cajanus cajan meal as replacement for groundnut cake. Forty (40) growing rabbits of mixed breeds, aged 5–6 weeks, were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments (10 rabbits per treatment) in a completely randomized design over a 10-week feeding trial. Four concentrate diets were formulated by directly replacing groundnut cake with CCM at 0, 10, 15, and 20%, respectively. The results showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) among treatments in packed cell volume, red blood cell count, haemoglobin concentration, and monocyte count. White blood cell count was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in rabbits fed the 15% CCM diet, followed by those fed 0 and 10% CCM diets, while the lowest value was observed in the 20% CCM diet. Lymphocyte count was significantly highest (p < 0.05) in rabbits fed the 20% CCM diet, followed by 0, 10, and 15% CCM diets. Rabbits fed CCM-based diets recorded significantly higher (p < 0.05) eosinophil counts compared with the control diet. Serum biochemical indices revealed that rabbits fed the 20% CCM diet had the highest (p < 0.05) total protein concentration, followed by 0 and 15% CCM diets, while the least value was observed in the 10% CCM diet. Animals fed CCM-based diets also recorded significantly lower (p < 0.05) serum cholesterol levels compared with rabbits fed the control diet. However, no significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed among treatments with respect to carcass characteristics. This study therefore concluded that Cajanus cajan meal (CCM) could totally replace groundnut cake in rabbit diets without adverse effects on haematological and serum parameters as well as carcass qualities.
Alternative protein, Carcass qualities, Heamatology, Rabbit nutrition, Serum biochemistry
Effect of Seaweed Extract on Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Varieties grown under Heat Stress Conditions
Climate Heat stress has been known to negatively impact the growth and yield of various crop plants, including potatoes. In recent years, the use of seaweed extract as a potential bio stimulant has gained interest due to its reported positive effect on plant growth and stress tolerance. This study aimed to investigate the effect of seaweed extract on potato growth and yield under heat-stress conditions. Three potato varieties (Diamant, Marabel, and Nicola) grown under heat stress were treated with three concentrations of seaweed extract (0.5 mL, 1.0 mL, and 1.5 mL). The treatments, including a control without seaweed extract, were arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. The data collected were analyzed using ANOVA, and significant treatment means were separated using Tukey's HSD test. Results showed that the varieties differed significantly in plant height, leaf number, stem number, and mean tuber weight. At 12 WAP, variety Nicola produced the tallest plant of 39.29 cm, while variety Marable was the shortest (28.88 cm). Mean tuber weight was significantly affected by 1.0 mL of seaweed extract. In addition, a significant interaction between variety and seaweed extract was observed for all the parameters, indicating differential responses of varieties to different concentrations of seaweed extract. This study highlights significant varietal differences in response to treatment, identifying 1.0 mL as the optimal concentration for mitigating heat stress damage. These offer a practical strategy for enhancing crop resilience, contributing valuable insights toward sustaining potato production and ensuring food security in a warming climate.
Seaweed extract, Potato, Heat stress, Growth, Yield
Evaluating the Impact of Cereal Milling Practices on Nutritional Quality and Food Safety in Nigeria: A Review
Cereal milling is a critical post-harvest operation that substantially influences nutritional quality, food safety, and public health outcomes, particularly in developing countries where informal processing systems dominate. This critical narrative review synthesizes evidence on cereal milling practices in Nigeria and their implications for nutrient retention, anti-nutritional factors, and food safety risks. Literature was sourced from Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, and African Journals Online (AJOL), covering publications from 2000 to 2025. Inclusion criteria focused on peer-reviewed empirical and review studies addressing cereal milling technologies, nutrient composition, and contamination risks, with specific emphasis on Nigeria and comparable Sub-Saharan African contexts. Over 50 peer-reviewed studies were reviewed. Evidence indicates that traditional and informal milling systems are associated with significant losses of dietary fibre, minerals, and bioactive compounds, alongside elevated risks of heavy metal contamination and microbial hazards, while modern milling improves hygiene but often exacerbates micronutrient losses due to excessive refinement. The review highlights substantial research and regulatory gaps, particularly regarding informal mills, and underscores the need for context-specific policy interventions, technological upgrading, and whole-grain promotion strategies to enhance nutrition security and food safety in Nigeria.
Cereal milling; Nutrient retention; Informal food processing; Heavy metal contamination; Whole-grain processing; Food safety; Nigeria; Sub-Saharan Africa
Resource use Efficiency of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Farmers in Jaba Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria: Evidence from Cobb-Douglas Production Function
The study examined the efficiency of resources used by ginger farmers in Jaba Local Government Area of Kaduna State. Multistage sampling technique was used to select 160 registered ginger farmers. Data were collected using structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics, multiple regression analysis with the Cobb-Douglas functional form as the lead equation, and efficiency measures model. The study revealed that the average age of ginger farmers was 41 years. The result also showed that 72.50% of the ginger farmers were married with an average household size of 13 persons. The averages farming experience and farm size were 18 years and 1.75 hectares respectively. The coefficient of multiple determination (R2) was 0.944 implying that, 94.4% of the variation in the output of ginger in the study area was accounted for by the factors included in the model, while the remaining proportion was by other external factors (error term). The coefficients of farm size, hercides and fertilizers were all significant at 5% level (p<0.05). In terms of resource use efficiency, the input factors of farm size, seeds and fertilizer were all under-utilized while labour factor was over-utilized. This implied that labour was overstretched and must be reduced while more units of the other factors of farm size, seeds and fertilizers needed to be used to obtain optimum output. Government and non-state actors concerned should provide credits and subsidized farm inputs to ginger farmers. Ginger farmers should be encouraged to form cooperatives for easy to access to credit facilities, farm inputs and extension information.
Resource use efficiency, Ginger farmers, Cobb-Douglas, Production functions
Climate Change and Inter-Community Conflict in East Africa: A Systematic Review of Pastoralist Livelihoods and Human Security
Climate change has emerged as a major concern for governments, scholars, and development stakeholders due to its far-reaching implications for human security and social stability, particularly in developing regions. In East Africa, climate variability and extreme events increasingly intersect with existing socio-economic and political vulnerabilities, intensifying inter-community conflicts, especially among pastoralist communities. However, existing empirical studies provide fragmented and sometimes contradictory evidence regarding the relationship between climate change and conflict. This article adopts a systemic literature review approach to examine the nexus between climate change and inter-community conflict in East Africa, with a specific focus on pastoralist groups. Following PRISMA guidelines, peer-reviewed articles were systematically retrieved from Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, JSTOR, etc. covering the period 1995-2025. Studies were selected based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria focusing on climate change impacts, pastoralist livelihoods, conflict dynamics, and human security outcomes. The findings reveal that the relationship between climate change and inter-community conflict is highly context-dependent rather than deterministic. Climate-induced resource scarcity, livelihood disruption, migration, and pastoral mobility interact with social political processes, governance structures, and institutional weakness to shape conflict outcomes. In many cases, declining access to land and water undermine pastoralist livelihoods, exacerbate competition, and heightens human insecurity, thereby increasing the likelihood of conflict. The review contributes to the literature by systematically synthesizing dispersed empirical evidence and advancing a nexus-based analytical understanding of climate change and inter-community conflict among pastoralist communities in East Africa. It further highlights the critical role of governments and stakeholders in strengthening adaptive capacity, enhancing resilience, and promoting diversified livelihood strategies as pathways to conflict prevention and sustainable human security.
Climate change; inter-community conflict; pastoralism; human security; East Africa, climate resilience
Nutrient Characteristics of Biochar Derived from Cocoa Husk, Rice Straw and Corn Cob and Their Effects on Maize Yield in Ghana
The Inadequate soil fertility remains a major constraint to maize production in Ghana and large areas of sub-Saharan Africa, especially in regions having weathered Ultisols with low organic matter and nutrient-holding capacity. The present study investigated the impact of locally produced agricultural residue-derived biochar on maize yield under field conditions in Ghana. Biochar was obtained from cocoa pod husk, rice straw and corn cob by pyrolysis at 500°C for 45 minutes in the total absence of oxygen and chemically characterised. The field study was carried out at Kwadaso, Ghana, in a split-split plot design with three replications over the principal and minor crop seasons. Treatment included biochar type and application rate (2.5 t ha⁻¹, 5 t ha⁻¹) in comparison with fertilizer. The pH of all the biochars was strongly alkaline (pH 10.3–10.4). Soil amendment Biochars made of rice straw showed the highest organic C (41.0%) and available P (343.6 mg kg⁻¹), whereas those derived from cocoa husk had the highest exchangeable base cations. Application of biochar significantly enhanced the growth and yield of maize as compared to the control. At 5 t ha⁻¹, application led to a 32.9% and 58% increase in grain and cob yields, respectively. Response in yield was not dramatically different among the biochar types. These findings confirm that indigenous biochar feedstocks increase the productivity of maize and the sustainable management of soil fertility in Ghana.
Biochar; Agricultural residues; Soil fertility; Maize yield; Ghana; Pyrolysis
Influence of Roasting time and ingredient optimization on the Nutritional, Sensory and Storage Quality of Sesame-Honey spread
The study examined the impact of different sesame-honey ratios and roasting duration on the nutritional profile, sensory characteristics, and shelf life of sesame-honey spread. Twenty-five treatment combinations were applied to 5 sesame-honey ratios ranging from 90:10 to 50:50. Roasting times were 5 to 25 minutes for each ratio. A formulation processing optimization design of 5 × 5 was used to study the relationship between sesame-honey spread samples. The proximate analysis, free fatty acid (FFA) content, sensory acceptability, and microbiological quality were evaluated. The formulation ratio significantly affected the protein (6.57-16.47%), fat (39.90-66.87%), and carbohydrate contents (9.26-39.90%) (P < 0.05), while roasting time significantly affected fat content and FFA development (p < 0.05). A sensory evaluation with 50 untrained panelists showed that the formulations were very different in terms of taste, smell, texture, and overall acceptability (p < 0.05). The highest rate of sensory acceptability was scored for the 70:30 sesame-honey formulation (7.86 ± 1.18). Free fatty acids (FFA) increased from 0.12% at week 0 to 0.28% under room temperature conditions and 0.30% under elevated temperature conditions during 8 weeks of storage. Total viable count remained between 1.2 × 10² and 1.7 × 10² cfu/g throughout the storage period, which falls within the acceptable limits for ready-to-eat spreads. The findings outlined that formulation ratio and roasting time play a key role in enhancing the nutritional quality, sensory acceptance, and storage stability of sesame-honey spread.
Sesame-honey spread, roasting optimization, value addition, sensory quality, storage stability
Effects of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Some Physical and Chemical Properties of Ultisols and Growth Parameters of Okro (Abelmoschus esculentus)
This study was carried out at the Rivers State University Teaching and Research Farm, Port Harcourt to assess and evaluate the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer on some Physical and Chemical Properties on Ultisol and growth of Okra. Recommended rate of NPK 15:15:15 was applied at the rate of 0.25kg/10kg of soil, poultry dropping and cow dropping were also applied at the rate of 5kg/10kg of Soil and it was replicated Four times. Soil samples were collected at the end of the study and analysis were carried out. The results obtained from the study revealed that Sand particles had the highest particle size distribution, ranging from 884g/kg in both control and poultry dropping/cow dropping combine to 916g/kg in the plot treated with NPK. It was also observed that Silt particle increased from 2g/kg in the plot treated with NPK to 34 g/kg in the control plot and plot treated with poultry dropping/cow dropping combine, Clay content ranged from 62g/kg in the plot treated with cow dropping to 82g/kg in the control plot and plot treated with cow dropping, poultry dropping and poultry dropping/cow dropping combine. The results show that the soils were acidic with the pH ranging from 4.54 to 5.21. The organic matter content ranges from 8.6 to 18.1g/kg, organic carbon ranges from 5.1 to 10.5g/kg Total N ranges from 0.1 to 18.1g/kg, Ava. P increases from 49.61 to 70.18g/mg. Total exchangeable acidity ranges from 0.96 to 2.56Cmol/kg. This study shows that soils amended with poultry dropping had more positive effect on both soil and growth of okra, The use of Poultry dropping by farmers will give optimum yield, when making use of poultry dropping or cow dung as fertilizer, it should be applied at least 2 weeks before planting for optimum yield.
Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers; Physical and Chemical Properties; Ultisols; Growth Parameters; Okro; Abelmoschus esculentus
Assessment of Humid Tropic Soils for Freshwater Fish Farming Using Earthen Pond in Beeri, Khana Local Government Area, Rivers State
Understanding soil characteristics is essential for optimizing freshwater fish farming in earth-bottom ponds (earthen pond). A field survey was carried out to assess the suitability of soils of Beeri, Khana Local Government Area of Rivers State for freshwater fish farming which involved soil morphological description and laboratory analysis. Three mapping units or representative pedons (Summit, Middle slope and Valley bottom) were identified and one profile pit each was dug at each identifiable mapping unit and was described appropriately. Results obtained reveal some variations in morphological, physical, and chemical properties of the soils. The soils are sandy to sandy loam in texture with bulk density values ranging from 0.935 to 1.4550 g cm−3. Soil pH values ranged from strongly acidic to slightly acidic (4.89 to 5.47) and had very low to medium organic carbon (OC) (0.21 to 2.14g/kg), available phosphorus (6.31 – 10.52 cmol/kg), exchangeable aluminum (0.2 – 0.5 cmol/kg), exchangeable hydrogen (0.28 – 11.48 cmol/kg), CEC (0.4 – 8.39 cmol/kg) and Base saturation (50 – 90 %). The results showed that land attributes such as soil physical characteristics in terms of water retention capacity (due low clay content), wetness (oxygen availability) and fertility (pH, available phosphorus, exchangeable calcium and CEC) made the land marginally suitable (S3) to not suitable (N) for freshwater fish farming using earthen pond in the three pedons. Therefore, the land is potentially suitable for freshwater fish farming using earthen pond, but currently marginally and not suitable limitations in wetness (drainage) and fertility (low aval. P, Ca and CEC).
Beeri, humid tropic, water retaining properties, seepage and watertight pond bottom
Toxicological, Haemato-Biochemical, Oxidative and Histopathological Evaluation of Methanolic and Aqueous Extract of Carica papaya Seed and Leaf in Wister Rats
The aim of this study is to evaluate active toxicity effects of methanolic and aqeous extracts of seeds and leaves of Carica papaya in Wistar ratsa and on Ascaris suum eggs. The study involved both in vitro and in vivo assays. The work demonstrated that both methanolic and aqueous extracts of Carica papaya leaf and seed have anthelminthic activity against larval stages, as they completely stopped the motility of Ascaris suum (P<0.05) The phytochemical screening of seeds and leaves of C. papaya comprised of alkaloids, sapronin, tannins, flavonoids, carbohydrates, phenols, steroids, anthraquinones, cardial glycosides and terpenoides respectively. The seed and leaf extracts of the Carica papaya plant exhibited to have medicinal value against ascariosis (Ascaris suum). Haematological parameters such as total white blood cell count, neutrophils, lymphocytes, hematocrit, total red blood cell count, haemoglobin count increased slightly within normal range during the experimental period and did not exhibit any discernible treatment-related variation in either the control or treated groups (P>0.5). Methanolic and Aqueous extracts of Carica papaya Leaf and Seed indicated that there was no visible lesion as evidenced by the presence of intact mucosa epithelium, lamina propria, submucosa, muscular and serosa tunical layers in the examined organs of Wister rats. The LD50 value of seed and leaf methanol and aqueous extracts were found to be greater than 5000mg/kg. Analysis of serum biochemical enzymes and electrolytes during and after treatment shows that all biochemical parameters such as Aspartate amino transferase, Alanine amino transferase, Alanine phosphatase, Total protein, Urea, Sodium, Chlorine and Potassium are within normal range during the experimental period and did not exhibit any significant variation in either the control or treated groups (P>0.05). The Histo-architectural structures of organs indicated unnoticeable differences between the control and test groups, according to the microscopic investigation, the intestine, spleen, and heart of the extract-treated rats did not exhibit any changes in cell structure or any negative consequences. The liver showed a marked diffuse hepatocellular degeneration (circular-outline) typified by cytoplasmic vacuolations and nuclear degeneration, the kidney showed moderate glomerular shrinkage, mild widening of urinary visible lesion and focal renal tubular distortion. The alveolar showed that there was moderate thickening of the alveolar septa and a mild presence of cellular debris in the alveolar spaces. Toxicological analysis demonstrated on the plant revealed less oxalate and alkaloids than other regularly consumed food products, and that theseeds and leaves are safe for ingestion Thus, this study support the use of Carica papaya, particularly the leaves and seeds as an anthelmintic agent in the management of infections by traditional or herbal practitioners and indigenous people.
Ascaris suum, Carica papaya, extracts,,Heamatological parameters, Wister rats, Herbal plants
The Application of Polymers as Water and Soil Conservation Agents in Farming Areas Mulching
The act of mulching is almost as old as man himself. Man has been practicing mulching for quite a very long time now. Mulch is used to conserve and preserve moisture and reduce the growth of weeds. Many materials can be used as mulch. These can be broadly divided into organic and inorganic, synthetic (man-made / artificial) and natural. Such mulch materials include, grass, stones, glass, weeds, plastics etc. polyethylene (PE) is one of the most effective, due to its excellent strength, low cost and its ability to act as a boundary between sunlight and water. Biodegradability issues however, constitute serious challenges in the use of petroleum – based materials. Hence, biodegradable polymers are being developed from fossil fuels. This paper will focus on the uses, challenges and prospects of mulch materials derived from polymers.
Copyright (c) 2025 Direct Research Journal of Agriculture and Food Science
Impact of Communal Conflicts on Farm Household Food Security in Southeast Nigeria
Communal conflicts pose a significant threat to food security in Southeast Nigeria. A study analyzing the effects of these conflicts on farm household food security revealed that intercommunity land disputes, farmer-herder clashes, leadership tussles, and political affiliation conflicts are prevalent in the region. The study analysed communal conflicts and farm household food security in Southeast, Nigeria using 405 respondents selected through a multistage sampling procedure involving random and purposive sampling techniques. Data were collected from primary sources using a structured questionnaire administered in the form of an interview schedule. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the food security index, and logit regression analysis. The study found that 52% of farm households are food secure, while 48% are food insecure. The analysis showed that conflicts between families, farmers, groups, communities, and farmers-herders negatively impact household food security. Specifically, based on a 10% decrease in conflicts between families, groups, communities, and farmer-herders, household food security increased by 0.6%, 0.1%, 1.4%, and 0.06%, respectively. To address food insecurity, the study recommends collaborative efforts between the government, civil societies, community leaders, NGOs, and individuals to bring lasting solutions to conflicts and lift food-insecure households to food-secure status
Prevalence and risk factors for Tritrichomonas foetus Infection in cattle from Bauchi State, Nigeria
Tritrichomonas foetus infection is one of the sexually transmitted infections that causes reproductive losses among cattle livestock globally. Thus, the infection has the effect of reducing productivity in livestock. There is a general paucity of information regarding the infection in Nigeria because less attention has been focused on it. Therefore, a survey was conducted to determine the prevalence and risk factors for Tritrichomonas foetus infection in cattle from Bauchi State of Nigeria. To achieve these, a total of 303 cattle were sampled from four different farms between February - May, 2025. Preputial smegma and vaginal mucus samples were collected from cattle aged from 2 and above years. In addition, a structured questionnaire was administered to 200 herders in the four farms and its environs. The samples were examined using wet and dry mount techniques. The data were analysed using prevalence and frequency descriptive statistics at 95% confidence interval aided by SPSS. No bovine T. foetus infections were detected, indicating that the maximal prevalence presumably missed were about 3.49% for males, 1.39% for females and 0.99% overall. Distribution of management practices revealed risk factors such as method of breeding by natural service with a whole proportion of 100%, method of husbandry on free-range category showed an overwhelming proportion of 98.5%, breeding bulls acquired through purchase recorded 64.5%, age of breeding bull (>3 years) had 63% while number of bulls (>20) in herd revealed 57% accordingly. These management practice indices are generally high and suggests future risk of its infectivity. Therefore, there is need for targeted improve screening and biosecurity programs to mitigate future occurrence of this infection. It is further recommended that future surveys using other more sensitive diagnostic tests like culture (InPouch TF) and PCR molecular technique across adequately sampled region is necessary so that a true status of the infection can be detected even in traces.
Characterization and Physico-chemical Evaluation of Fresh and Pasteurized Juices from Cashew Apple (Anacardium occidentale) of Different Varieties
This study investigated the physicochemical, nutritional, and microbiological characteristics of fresh and pasteurized juices produced from different varieties of cashew apple. Cashew fruits were sourced from the Michael Okpara Cashew Orchard, Okigwe, Imo State, and analyzed at Grifeon Project Limited Laboratory, Umuahia, Abia State. Seven juice samples (FPJ900, PPJ901, FYJ902, PYJ903, FYJ904, and PRJ905) were processed and assessed for proximate composition, vitamin and mineral content, phytochemicals, organic acids, sugar profile, sensory quality, and shelf-life attributes. Proximate analysis showed moisture, ash, fat, protein, and carbohydrate levels with no significant differences at P>0.05 across varieties. Similarly, pH, titratable acidity, total soluble solids, total sugar, and specific gravity exhibited no significant variation. Vitamin C (14.31–25.76 mg/100 g), vitamin A (0.064–9.85 RAE), vitamin B2 (0.48–2.40 mg/100 g), vitamin B6 (2.65–45.25 mg/100 g), and vitamin E (9.32–15.77 mg/100 g) also showed statistically similar values. Mineral contents for calcium (2.01–8.02 mg/100 g), potassium (4.81–6.45 mg/100 ml), phosphorus (0.50–0.62 mg/100 ml), and iron (0.06–0.09 mg/100 ml) followed the same trend. Phytochemical concentrations were low, while the sugar profile indicated moderate levels of glucose (22.21–32.21 g/L), fructose (3.41–30.57 g/L), and sucrose (16.11–16.73 g/L). Sensory evaluation revealed that FPJ900 (fresh pink juice) demonstrated superior acceptability. Shelf-life studies showed increasing microbial counts during storage, although pasteurization at 75°C enhanced stability. Overall, all cashew apple varieties exhibited comparable quality attributes, confirming the fruit’s high nutritional value and strong potential for processing into marketable products. Further research on improved preservation techniques is recommended to extend shelf life and minimize postharvest losses.
Profitability of Tamarindus Indica and its Suitability for Agroforestry Tree for Sustainable Household Incomes in Kano State, North-West Nigeria
The study investigated the profitability of tamarind processing and marketing and its suitability for agroforestry tree for households; incomes in Kano State in North-Western Nigeria. Specifically, it examined the socio-economic characteristics of processors and marketers, determined cost structure, revenue, profitability, assessed market structure, estimated profit efficiency, and identified constraints limiting the subsector. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 171 processors and marketers. Descriptive statistics, gross margin, Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) and stochastic profit frontier were used as analytic techniques. Results indicated that Tamarind processing was male-dominated (72.93%), while marketing was largely female-driven (57.89%). Older processors (mean = 45.25 years) than marketers (38.68 years) were observed. Most were married (88.72% and 76.32%, respectively). Educational levels varied, with many processors having Quranic or secondary education (29.32% each), while marketers were better educated (55.26% secondary, 34.21% tertiary). More of the Processors were married than the Marketers. Average household size was larger among processors (11.28) than marketers (6.18) were. Business experience was higher among processors (17.38 years) compared to marketers (9.00 years). Profitability analysis showed that in Kano, raw materials accounted for 52.83% of total variable costs (TVC), followed by transportation (22.85%). With a TVC of ₦1,235,960.76 and revenue of ₦2,436,789.00, gross margin stood at ₦1,200,828.24, indicating high profitability. Kano processors had mean efficiency of 0.8794, indicating operations at 88% of maximum profit, while marketers had lower efficiency (0.6098). Efficiency was enhanced by education and household size, but reduced by rent, age, and business experience. Key constraints included inadequate capital, price fluctuations, and lack of storage facilities, with high transport costs and poor road networks significant in Kano. Overall, tamarind processing and marketing are profitable ventures in the study areas, though with varying efficiency and profitability margins. Education levels of the household size were the variables observed to increase efficiency of the processors, while source of tamarind and business experience were the variables increasing the efficiency of the marketers.
Estimated profit efficiency, marketers, processors, revenue, socio economics, Tamarind
Influence of Feed Supplementation and Preventive Medication on Survivability and Growth of Free Range Broilers Chickens
This study evaluated the influence of feed supplementation and preventive medications on the survivability, carcass yield, haematological profile and revenue generation of free range broiler chickens. A Completely randomized Design (CRD) experiment was conducted with 200 HYBROR broiler chicks randomly allocated to Five treatment groups:Treatment1 intensively reared broiler chickens (control), free range broiler chickens without intervention (Treatment 2, free range broiler chickens that were given preventive medications (treatment 3), free range broiler chickens that were given feed supplementation (treatment 4), free range broiler chickens that were given feed supplementation plus preventive medications (treatment5) and local free range chickens (treatment 6). Treatment 2 -5 each consisted of 4 local hens and a brood, each of10 HYBROR broiler chickens adopted by the hens at day – old. Each hen and her brood served as a replicate. Treatment 1 chickens attained 1.86kg live weight in 9 weeks with a feed conversion efficiency of 2.68 and 95% survival rate. at 15 weeks of age, the live weights and rates of survival for the free ranging broiler chickens were 1450g, 38%, (treatment 2), 1570g, 75% ( treatment 3), 1580g, 56 %, (treatment 4), 1760g, 77% (treatment 5). Treatment 6 chicks were 0098g at 15 weeks 50% survival and were 1230g at 25 weeks of age. Carcass yield (dressing %) were 77, 68.4, 72.3, 74.3, 75.7 and 54.5 for treatment 1, 2,3,4,5 and 6 respectively. Statistical differences between treatments means was tested at 5% significance level. Carcass yield was significantly higher for broiler chickens compared to local chickens, while among broiler chickens carcass yield was significantly lower foe those that received neither preventive medication or feed supplementation. Intensively reared broiler chickens at 9 weeks had significantly higher PCV (38.75%), RBC (2.5 (x 103/ml), and WBC (237.3 (x 103/ml) values compared to free range broiler chickens and local chickens at 15 and 25 weeks of age. The free range broiler chickens without intervention had least values for PCV, WBC and Hbc values compared to free range broiler chickens medicated or feed supplemented. Survival rates were significantly lower for broiler chickens reared on free range, compared to intensive rearing, but preventive medication improved this significantly. The return on investment was 60% for broiler chickens on treatment 5. This study concluded that the combination of preventive medications and feed supplementations yielded the best performance and survival rates amongst the free range broiler chickens. Sustainable use of medications is recommended to minimize antimicrobial resistance.
Free range, broody hens, local chickens, broilers, adoption antimicrobial
Quality and Sensory Evaluation of Cookies Produced from Cassava, African Yam Beans, Sweet Potato and Okoho (Cicuss populnea) Flour Blends
This study was carried out on the physical, proximate, mineral composition and sensory properties of cookies produced from cassava, African yam beans, sweet potato and Okoho flour blends. Cookies were produced from different proportion of cassava flour, African yam beans flour, sweet potato and 10% Okoho flour blends and compared with wheat flour cookies. The physical properties, proximate, mineral and sensory properties were determined using standard methods and data was analyzed using One-Way ANOVA. The results of physical properties showed that cookies produced from 100% wheat flour had the highest mass, thickness, diameter and volume, while cookies from the blends of 50% cassava flour, 25% African yam beans, 25% sweet potato flour and 10% Okoho flour had the highest spread ratio. Addition of 50% African yam beans flour resulted into increased in the moisture, ash, fiber, fat and protein content of the cookies. The mineral composition result showed that cookies sample with 50% cassava flour had the highest significant values for sodium (50.80mg/kg), potassium (59.72mg/kg), calcium (189.62mg/kg), phosphorus 411.49mg/kg) and magnesium (85.61mg/kg). The sensory evaluation result also showed that no significant (p>0.05) difference was observed in cookies in terms of appearance, crispiness, flavour and aftertaste, however, cookies from 100% wheat flour had the highest rating for taste and overall acceptability. The study showed that production of cookies from the composite flour consisting of 25% Cassava, 50% African yam beans, 25% sweet potato and 10% Okoho flour produced a well-accepted cookie.
Cookies, Cassava, African Yam Beans, Sweet Potato, Okoho
Implication of Aflatoxin (Aspergillus flavus) Reduction Strategies in Maize Based Poultry Feeds on Food and Nutrition Security
Aflatoxin contamination in maize-based poultry diets is a serious threat to poultry productivity and public health. This study evaluated the efficacy of graded levels of ginger (Zingiber officinale) powder as an aflatoxin-reducing agent in broiler diets. Two maize sources (Aflasafe maize and Aspergillus flavus-infested maize) were formulated into five dietary treatments: T1 (Aflasafe maize with 0% ginger), T2 (infested maize +5% ginger), T3 (infested maize +10% ginger), T4 (infested maize +15% ginger), and T5 (infested maize +20% ginger). A total of 180, Agri-tech day-old broiler chicks were randomly allocated to treatments and monitored over 8 weeks. Growth performance, hematological indices, serum biochemistry, and bio-economic indices were measured. Results revealed that higher inclusion levels of ginger significantly improved feed intake, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to infested maize without ginger supplementation. Hematological parameters including packed cell volume and total leukocyte count were significantly improved in T3–T5. Serum biochemical indices showed reduced serum ALT and AST in ginger-supplemented groups, indicating hepato-protective effects. Bio-economic analysis revealed superior profitability in T3 and T4 relative to T2. The study concluded that dietary inclusion of ginger up to 15% effectively mitigates aflatoxin toxicity while improving broiler productivity and profitability.
Aflatoxin, ginger, broilers, serum biochemistry, performance, bio-economics
Fungal Spoilage of Smoked-Dried Fish in Okitipupa, Ondo State, Nigeria
This study aimed to identify the major fungi associated with the spoilage of smoked fish sold in Okitipupa Market, Ondo State, Nigeria, and to assess their public health implications. Smoked fish samples of Oreochromis niloticus, Gadus morhua, and Scomber scombrus were purchased, stored under ambient conditions, and examined microbiologically after visible spoilage. Fungal isolates were obtained using standard culturing techniques and characterized morphologically. All samples exhibited spoilage within 72 hours, with total fungal counts ranging from 3.5 × 10⁴ to 8.7 × 10⁶ cfu/g, and only filamentous moulds were detected. O. niloticus showed the highest fungal load, while G. morhua had the least. The predominant spoilage fungi identified included species of Aspergillus, Chaetomium, and Penicillium, indicating that smoked fish sold in the area may harbour potentially toxigenic moulds. These findings underscore the need for proper handling, hygienic processing, and adequate storage to prevent fungal contamination and safeguard consumer health.
Fungi, Smoked Dried Fish, Fish Spoilage, Oreochromis niloticus, Scomber scombrus, Gadus morhua, Mycotoxins, Public Health and Food Safety
Assessment of Fetal Wastage and its Economic Implication among Ruminant Animals Slaughtered at Kano Main Abattoir, North-Western Nigeria
The study was conducted to ascertain the impact of fetal wastage from the slaughter of pregnant ruminant animals at the Kano main abattoir, north-western Nigeria. The economic implications were also estimated. The study was carried out from May, 2023 to April, 2024. A total of 237,200 ruminant animals (cattle, sheep and goats) were slaughtered within the study period out of which 119771(50.5%) were males while 117,429(49.5%) were females. 17,506 fetal wastages were recorded from the slaughter of 117429 female ruminant animals slaughtered. There was an overall prevalence of 15.0 % with goats having the highest specie-specific prevalence of 25.0% (n=105710 followed by sheep 14.5% (n=1808) and cattle with the lowest 8.2% (n=5217). There was no statistically significant association between the occurrence of fetal wastages and the number of females animals slaughtered (p>0.05). There was a huge income loss of about ₦3.360 billion ($2.293 million) made up of ₦2. 435 billion ($1.662 million), ₦171.7 million ($117,242) and ₦753.2 million ($514,118) for cattle, sheep and goat that could have been saved if the foetuses were not wasted and were raised and allowed to reach market age. It is therefore necessary to bring all hands-on deck in order to find a lasting solution to this serious menace of slaughtering pregnant food animals generally through concerted efforts by governments and professionals aimed at educating and sensitizing livestock farmers, butchers, abattoir workers and livestock dealers on the dangers of this negative practice in order to protect and salvage the livestock industry and ensure sustainable food security.
Abattoir, Economic Losses, Fetal Wastage, Kano State, Northwestern Nigeria, Pregnancy, Ruminant Animals
Climate Change Impact on Nigeria’s Agriculture: A comparison of Revenue Versus Self-Reported Land Value
This study investigates the sensitivity of Ricardian climate impact estimates to different land value conceptualizations in Nigerian agriculture. Using farm-level data from the National Bureau of Statistics and climate projections from the WorldClim database, the paper compares two Ricardian model specifications: one based on farm revenue (Net Revenue, NR) and the other on Self-Assessed Value of Land (SAVL). The NR model captures current earnings from crop and livestock production, while SAVL reflects farmers’ perceived market value of land, incorporating future uncertainty. To ensure comparability, NR was adjusted using a 5% interest rate to approximate the discounted stream of future returns. A semi-log functional form was employed, with climate variables specified as seasonal averages and quadratic terms, while soil, altitude, and socio-economic indices were included as controls. Weighted least squares regression was used to address spatial aggregation bias. Results show that climate variables significantly influence both models, though the direction and magnitude of effects differ. Temperature generally had a detrimental effect on land value (−6.01%) but a modest positive effect on revenue (+1.45%), while precipitation increased land value (+6.50%) but reduced revenue (−1.85%). The NR model produced more extreme marginal estimates across seasons and overestimated climate-induced damage by 3.6% compared to the SAVL model, a difference found statistically significant at the 10% level. These findings support the hypothesis that unadjusted revenue models exaggerate climate impacts due to their failure to account for future uncertainty. The study underscores the importance of land value conceptualization in climate impact modeling and recommends caution in using revenue-based proxies for policy analysis in developing agricultural economies.
Climate Change, Agriculture, Land Value, Nigeria, Ricardian model, and Valuation
Evaluation of Selected Botanical Spray on Field Management of Taro leaf blight and yield attributes of Taro (Colocasia esculenta L.) cultivars in Enugu State, Southeastern Nigeria
The dwindling availability of synthetic fungicides together with increasing public concern on the environmental safety means that the use of plant materials to manage field pathogens are attracting increased attention. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of botanicals on leaves growth, field management of Phytophthora colocasiae disease incidence, disease severity and yield attributes of taro cultivars. The study was carried out at Enugu State Polytechnic Iwollo Teaching and Research Farm. The experiment was laid out as a 3x 5 factorial in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The experimental treatment materials consisted of three taro cultivars – Nachi, Odogolo and Ugwuta as main plot, while the sub- plots consisted of three botanicals- Neem (Azadiratchta indica), siam weed (Chomolanenae odorata) and Eucalypus spp; a synthetic fungicide (Ridomil gold plus) as a standard positive treatment and control ( (No treatment) as a standard negative treatment. Data collected were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA), while Fisher’s least significant (F-LSD) was used to separate means where significant at 5% probability level. It was evident that variability existed across the taro cultivars and botanicals on number of leaves/stand, disease incidence, disease severity (%) and yield indices (kg/stand), (number of cormels/stand,cormel weight/stand, corm weight/ stand, corm circumference/stand, total tuber weight/stand (kg/stand). Odogolo cultivar significantly (P < 0.05) had the highest number of leaves values (21.10, 21.50 and 14.90), while Ugwuta cultivar had the least number of leaves values (11.90, 19.80 and 14.70) at 90 to 150 days after planting, respectively. Ridomil gold significantly (P < 0.05) recorded the highest number of leaves (21.90, 28.70 and 21.60), and the least number of leaves (10.90, 15.20 and 9.60) was recorded by the control treatment at 90 to 150 days after planting. Disease incidence (%) significantly (P <.0.05) varied among the botanicals except at 120 and 150 days after planting with Ridomil gold scored the least disease incidence (%) (25.70, 9.10 and 3.30) and then the highest (100.00, 100.0 and 100.00) was scored by the control treatment throughout the sampling periods at 90 – 150 days after planting. Among the cultivars, Nachi cultivar scored the least disease incidence (%) (57.30, 62.40 and 41.90), and the highest disease incidence (%) (85.90, 66.20 and 43.20) was scored by the Ugwuta cultivar at 90 - 150 days after planting, respectively. Disease severity (%) also had significant (P < 0.05) variations among the botanicals throughout the study periods with Ridomil gold scoring the least (4.10, 0.70 and 0.30) disease severity, while the control treatment scored the highest disease severity (%) values (52.90, 63.80 and 49.90 throughout the study periods. Among the cultivars, Ugwuta cultivar consistently scored the highest significant (P < 0.05) disease severity (%) (29.30, 33.80 and 22.70, and the least disease severity score (19.50, 20.30 and 14.10) was consistently scored by the Nachi cultivar throughout the study periods. Cultivars and botanicals significantly (P< 0.05) differed in all yield indices (number of cormels/stand, cormel weight/stand, corm weight/stand, corm circumference/stand, total tuber weight/stand (kg/stand and tons/hectare). Odogolo cultivar significantly had the highest total tuber yield per hectare (t/ha) (27.20), while Nachi cultivar recorded the least total tuber (t/ha) (12.20) at harvest. The study revealed that botanicals affected the agronomic and the field management of taro leaf blight disease of taro cultivars.
Taro cultivars, botanicals, ridomil, taro leaf blight, field management
Ethnobotanical Insights into Lima Bean (Phaseolus lunatus): Exploring Its Traditional uses, Cultural Significance, and Educational Value
Phaseolus lunatus, commonly known as the Lima bean, is a highly nutritious legume with significant ethnobotanical importance that extends far beyond its value as a food source. This review consolidates knowledge on its traditional uses, cultural significance, and educational potential. Nutritionally, Lima beans are a robust source of plant-based protein (17-40 g/100g), comparable to meat, and are rich in dietary fiber, vitamins, and minerals, offering health benefits for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer prevention. Its traditional applications are vast, encompassing ethnopharmacology for treating fever, inflammation, and wounds, and ethnoveterinary medicine as a galactagogue and general tonic for livestock, demonstrating a sophisticated, empirical understanding of its properties and safe preparation to neutralize cyanogenic glycosides. Culturally, the bean holds profound symbolic meaning, particularly in African and African Diaspora traditions, where it is used for spiritual protection in Hoodoo practices, divination, and as a symbol of resilience and cultural identity. Furthermore, the Lima bean serves as an exceptional model organism for interdisciplinary education. Its morphological traits and rapid growth cycle are ideal for teaching botany and plant physiology, while its well-defined composition provides a tangible case study for lessons in nutrition, food science, and food safety. In conclusion, the Lima bean is a vital repository of biocultural heritage, whose full appreciation underscores the deep interconnections between plants, human health, and culture.
Ethnobotany, Plant-Based Protein, Biocultural Heritage, Traditional Medicine and Agroecology