Direct Research Journal of Agriculture and Food Science
Direct Research Journal of Agriculture and Food Science (DRJAFS) (ISSN 2354-4147) is an international peer-reviewed open access journal that publishes original research, comprehensive review articles, short reports, and commentaries in the field of Agricultural and Food Science. Journal Name: Direct Research Journal of Agriculture and Food Science Journal initials: DRJAFS Journal Abbreviation: Direct Res. J. Agric. and Food Sci. ISSN: 2354-4147 DOI: 10.26765/DRJAFS Model: Peer Reviewed (Double anonymous peer review) Impact Factor: 3.500 is based on citations to the articles published in the journal from 2013 to 2025. All submitted manuscripts are screen for plagiarism before peer review is done on them Software for checking (Turnitin) Frequency: 3 times a year Access Type: Open Access License Type: CC-BY OAI: OAI-PMH Copyright Holder: Author(s) retains copyright. Manifests: LOCKSS & CLOCKSS Start Year: 2013 Scilit Covered by google scholar Research Journal Seeker RoMEO Journals database J-Gate Open Academic Journals Index
Intraspecific Variations in Fruiting Phenology of African Pear (Dacryodes Edulis (G.DON) HJ LAM) under Mangrove and Rainforest Zone, Nigeria
A three year survey was carried out in five states of mangrove and rainforest zone of Nigeria to evaluate the intraspecific variation in African pear fruiting phenology. In each of the state, three locations were selected and ten African pear trees fruiting for the past 10 years were marked and tagged given a total of 150 trees. Each tree was divided into four compartments for data collection. Randomized complete block design was used. Parameters collected include: time of anthesis to fruit formation, number of fruits per inflorescence, fruit weight and fruiting habits from 2013 - 2015. Additionally, temperature and rainfall data were also collected. The collected data were analyzed using analysis of variance, regression and correlation, standard errors and percentages were calculated where appropriate. Results showed that there were significantly (p < 0.05) differences in all the parameters measured within and between the locations. Mean duration of anthesis to fruit formation ranged from 26-40 days with a tree mean of 1.00 - 5.00 depending on year and location. The highest mean number of fruits per inflorescence at maturity ranged from 1.78 - 2.23, while the mean fruit weight ranged from 23.78g - 28.89g. African pear fruiting habit can be seen as annual since 57% -77% of the trees are annuals, while 23% - 43% were biennials and triennials. Peak fruiting of African pear was mostly February ending to march at the temperature range of 280C - 300C with little or no rainfall. Species variations that of genetic and horticultural interest exists in African pear. Therefore a planned selection and improvement program should be carried out for African pear.
African pear, Anthesis, Variation, Phenology
Toposequence Effects on Selected Physical and Chemical Properties of Arable Soils in Ikono and Oruk Anam L. G. A, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
Understanding the spatial variability of soils across landscape positions is critical for sustainable agricultural planning in the humid tropics. This study was conducted to assess the effect of toposequence on selected physical and chemical properties of arable soils in Mbiabong Ekpip (Ikono) and Obio Akpa (Oruk Anam) Local Government Areas, Akwa Ibom State. Two toposequences comprising crest, middle slope, and valley bottom positions were investigated. Six profile pits were excavated, and twenty-two composite soil samples were collected from genetic horizons for laboratory analysis using standard procedures. The results revealed that surface horizons were predominantly sandy loam, while subsoils were sandy clay loam, indicating clay illuviation. Sand content ranged from 58.0% to 81.8%, while clay content varied from 12.8% to 38.0%. Soil pH ranged from 4.6 to 5.0, reflecting strongly to moderately acidic conditions. Organic carbon (0.20% to 1.92%) and total nitrogen (0.028% to 0.168%) were low in surface horizons and valley bottom positions. Effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) ranged from 5.54 to 8.37 cmolkg⁻¹, with base saturation between 56.99% and 79.68%. Slope position influenced clay content, organic carbon, total nitrogen, and ECEC (p \le 0.05). Positive correlations were observed between clay content and ECEC (r = 0.91** for Ikono; r = 0.88** for Obio Akpa, n = 22), and between organic carbon and total nitrogen. The results demonstrate strong topographic control on soil variability and highlight the need for slope-specific management strategies including liming, organic amendments, and erosion control to enhance sustainable agricultural productivity in the study area.
Copyright (c) 2026 Direct Research Journal of Agriculture and Food Science
Rapid Detection of Salmonella in Fresh Meat Using Computer Vision and Digital Imaging
The rapid detection of foodborne pathogens is critical for improving food safety and reducing the risk of contamination in meat products. This study evaluated the detection and survival of Salmonella Typhimurium in ground chicken meat using advanced digital imaging and computer vision approaches alongside conventional microbiological analysis. Four treatment groups were investigated: Salmonella Typhimurium culture only (control), ground chicken inoculated with Salmonella Typhimurium, inoculated ground chicken treated with 1% vinegar solution, and inoculated ground chicken treated with sterile Buffered Peptone Water (BPW). Samples were prepared under sterile conditions, serially diluted, and plated on Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) and Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate (XLD) agar for microbial enumeration. Fluorescence-based digital imaging was employed to visualize microbial presence and assess cellular morphology within the meat matrix. Statistical analyses were conducted using the Kruskal–Wallis nonparametric test followed by Dunn’s pairwise comparisons at a significance level of p < 0.05. Results demonstrated significant differences in microbial counts among treatment groups in the primary analysis (Kruskal–Wallis χ² = 9.684, p = 0.0215). Dunn’s post-hoc test revealed significant differences between the control culture and all meat treatment groups, indicating that the meat matrix and antimicrobial intervention influenced bacterial survival. The robustness median test further confirmed significant differences among groups (Pearson χ² = 11.0769, p = 0.011). However, a secondary analysis showed no significant differences among selected treatment groups (Kruskal–Wallis χ² = 2.604, p = 0.272), suggesting variability in treatment effects under certain conditions. Digital imaging successfully visualized microbial distribution and morphological characteristics, supporting rapid and non-destructive assessment of contamination. The findings demonstrate the potential of integrating computer vision, digital imaging, and conventional microbiological techniques for enhanced detection of Salmonella Typhimurium in fresh meat. This combined approach offers a promising tool for real-time monitoring, quality assurance, and improved food safety management in meat processing systems.
Inclusive Business Models and the Profitability of Horticultural Farming in Southwest Nigeria: Evidence from a Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Model
Background: Horticulture has emerged as a major undertaking among rural farmers and one of the more viable pathways to inclusive rural development in developing countries, owing to its rapid production turnover, strong market demand, and capacity to create employment for youth and women. Yet, empirical work on inclusive business models (IBMs) in African agriculture, including Nigeria, remains concentrated on staple crops, leaving horticulture's profitability drivers comparatively under-examined. Purpose: This study examined the effect of five inclusive business model dimensions on the profitability of horticulture farming in South West Nigeria, and tested gender diversity as a moderator of the IBM–outcome relationships. Methods: The study used a descriptive, cross-sectional survey design. Structured questionnaires built on a 5-point Likert scale were administered to 422 horticulture farmers selected through multistage sampling across six South-West Nigerian states (Lagos, Ogun, Oyo, Osun, Ondo and Ekiti); 353 usable responses were returned (83.6%). Data were analyzed descriptively and, for hypothesis testing, using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) estimated in Smart PLS, with path significance assessed through bootstrapping (5,000 subsamples). Results: The hypothesized model explained 88.7% of the variance in profitability (R² = 0.887). Access to farm in puts was the strongest positive predictor of profitability (β = 0.125, p = 0.016), followed by quality control (β = 0.181, p = 0.006) and capacity building (β = 0.126, p = 0.036), while access to credit (β = –0.125, p = 0.023) and technical assistance (β = –0.129, p = 0.016) had significant negative effects. Conclusion: IBM dimensions do not act uniformly on horticultural profitability; input access, quality control and capacity building function largely as Stakeholder Theory would predict, whereas credit and technical assistance underperform relative to theoretical expectations, a pattern that points to implementation and delivery-design failures rather than a failure of the inclusive-business logic itself. Practical implication. Program implementers such as 2Scale should prioritize and adequately resource input-support and quality-assurance components, while redesigning credit terms (aligning repayment with horticultural seasonality) and technical assistance (tailoring advice to specific crops) so that these services translate into measurable performance gains.
Nutritional, Technological, and Sensory Properties of Gluten-free Bread from red Millet–Soybean–Potato Composite Flour
The increasing market demand for gluten-free baked products has stimulated interest in composite flours‚ which can improve the nutritional quality of gluten-free breads without compromising technological and sensory properties․ There is limited information available about the use of red millet‚ soybean and potato flours in three-component gluten-free bread formulations․ Red millet-soybean-potato composite bread was formulated․ The five formulations included the control (RM100‚ 100% wheat flour) and the experimental formulations RSP1‚ RSP2‚ RSP3‚ and RSP4․ All RSP1-4 were gluten-free products containing increasing amounts of red millet and decreasing amounts of potato and soybean flour‚ determined in triplicate in laboratory analyses․ Statistical analyses were performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey's test at p < 0․05․ Sensory analysis was done by 100 non-trained panellists using the nine-point hedonic scale․ Moisture ranged from 34․50% to 37․80%‚ protein from 12․80% to 19․30%‚ fat from 3․20% to 6․50%‚ fibre from 1․90% to 5․20%‚ ash from 1․50% to 2․60%‚ and carbohydrate from 65․90% to 80․60%․ The water absorption capacity ranged from 62․50% to 80․50%‚ the loaf volume from 1‚105 cm3 to 1‚650 cm3‚ the specific volume from 2․51 cm3/g to 3․92 cm3/g‚ and the organoleptic score from 6․55 to 8․25․ The incorporation of RSP in the soy and potato bread resulted in substantial nutritional and water absorption improvement‚ but diminished loaf expansion․ RSP1 and RSP2 had the highest mean acceptability․ Moderate substitution gave the best compromise between nutrition‚ structure‚ and consumer acceptability of the bread․
Gluten-free bread‚ composite flour, functional properties, sensory evaluation, correlation analysis
Field Evaluation of Aqueous Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Extract Concentrations for Suppression of Tomato Early Blight and Improvement of Fruit Yield
Early blight causes significant yield losses in tomato in tropical and subtropical regions. Synthetic fungicides commonly used for the management have limitations such as high costs, inconsistent quality, risk of pathogen resistance, safety and environmental concerns that call for sustainable botanical alternatives. Thus, the study evaluated different concentrations of aqueous ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract for suppression of tomato early blight and improvement of fruit yield under field conditions. The experiment was conducted at the Research and Demonstration Farm of Enugu State Polytechnic, Iwollo, Nigeria. The treatments consisted of 0 (negative control), 5, 10, 15, and 20% v/v aqueous ginger extract, and Redforce (a.i. Metalaxyl 12% + Copper (I) oxide 60% WP) as standard positive control. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Data were collected on incidence and severity of early blight, disease suppression, survival percentage, total fruit yield, and percentage of marketable fruits and subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at 5% level of significance. Treatment means with significant difference were separated using Fisher’s Least Significant Difference (F-LSD) at 0.05 probability level. The results showed significant differences (p < 0.01) among the treatments in all the parameters evaluated. Aqueous ginger extract treatments significantly (p < 0.01) suppressed early blight development and increased total fruit yield and percentage of marketable fruits compared to negative control. The 20% v/v treatment recorded the highest performance among the ginger-extract treatments and suppressed early blight by 86.23% compared to the negative control and resulted in a 253.85% increase in fruit yield. It could be concluded from the findings of the study that aqueous ginger extract was effective in the management of early blight in tomato under field conditions. The 20% v/v aqueous ginger extract was the most effective treatment and could therefore be recommended as a botanical alternative for sustainable management of early blight in rainfed tomato production. However, further studies involving multi-location and multi-season evaluations are recommended to validate its performance under different production environments.
Evaluation of the Efficacy of Allium sativum (Garlic) and Syzygium aromaticum (Clove) Against Postharvest Fungal Rot of Ipomoea batatas (Sweet Potato).
Postharvest fungal rot is a severe barrier to sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) production in Nigeria, with diseases such as Rhizopus stolonifer, Fusarium spp., Aspergillus niger, and Penicillium spp. Accounting for 20-40% of storage losses. The extensive use of synthetic fungicides has prompted concerns about their environmental impact, human health, and the development of pathogen resistance, emphasizing the need for sustainable botanical alternatives. This study assessed the antifungal activity of ethanolic garlic (Allium sativum) extract and clove (Syzygium aromaticum) bud preparations in the treatment of sweet potato postharvest fungal rot. A total of 147 healthy tubers were divided into seven treatments in a perfectly randomized design with three replications. The treatments included garlic extract at doses of 75%, 50%, and 25%, clove powder, entire clove buds, mancozeb as a positive control, and an untreated control. Treated tubers were maintained at room temperature for six weeks, with weekly checks on weight loss, disease incidence, and disease severity index (DSI). Standard phytochemical screening was also performed on the plant materials. Phytochemical research revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, and steroids in garlic extract, whereas clove preparations also contained tannins and saponins. Clove powder resulted in the lowest weight reduction (17.7 ± 1.39%) compared to the untreated control (27.3 ± 0.81%). Both clove powder and 25% garlic extract significantly reduced illness incidence and severity, with efficacy comparable to mancozeb; however, treatment differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The data show that clove powder and low-concentration garlic extract are effective botanical agents for preventing postharvest fungal degradation and preserving sweet potato quality. Their comparable performance to synthetic fungicides, combined with their affordability and environmental compatibility, suggests that these botanicals could serve as long-term alternatives for postharvest disease management, resulting in lower storage losses, less chemical dependence, and improved food security.
Bacterial Biofilm Formation in Phytopathogens: Mechanisms, Environmental Drivers, and Implications for Disease Management
Bacterial diseases are among the leading plant diseases that pose significant challenges to crops, fruits, and vegetable production worldwide, leading to yield losses, reduced quality and economic loss and more than 200 bacterial pathogens cause severe diseases in economically important crops worldwide. Management of plant pathogenic bacteria is crucial for optimum yield of crops that engender food production and the food security. The use of antibiotics and chemicals are currently the major treatment for bacterial diseases for quick resolution especially in an overwhelming situations in a large scale fields. However, biofilms, being a barrier that exists around bacterial cells, reduces the susceptibility of bacteria to antibiotics and causes persistent infections and chemical control options usually have side effect on human health and the environment as some bactericides are toxic to living organisms and non-biodegradable. Moreover, these tactics are continuously challenged by the ever-evolving resistant bacterial population midwifed by bacteria biofilms formation and it has been shown that bacteria in a biofilm increase their resistance against antibiotics by about 1000-fold. The aim of the study was to Review and elucidate Bacterial Biofilm Formation in Phytopathogens: Mechanisms, Environmental Drivers, and Implications for Disease Management. Effective management methods should be targeting quorum sensing, a strategy that interferes with the cell-to-cell communication systems of bacteria, is a promising approach for the development of novel anti-biofilm therapeutics and ultimately resolved virtually most of bacterial diseases incidence. Quorum sensing inhibitors (QSIs) have been extensively evaluated for their efficacy in clinically relevant bacterial biofilms using in vitro and in vivo models, specifically, the development of an autoinducing peptide inhibitor which can effectively reduce biofilm formation in both biological and non-biological surfaces.
Bacterial biofilms, Phytopathogenic bacteria, Quorum sensing, Antibiotic resistance, Plant diseases management
Heavy Metal Contamination and Genotoxic Effects of Gold Mine Effluent on Allium cepa L. in Isanlu, Kogi State, Nigeria
This study aimed at examining the level of heavy metals as well as the chromosomal abnormalities associated with effluent from the gold mine at Isanlu, Kogi State, Nigeria. Effluent from gold sluicing ore were collected at the point of washing and analysed for heavy metals. Onion (Allium cepa) roots were exposed to varying effluent concentrations (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) and analyzed for chromosomal abnormalities while those grown in distilled water serving as control, each treatment had three replicates. The heavy metals concentration in the gold mine wastewater is as follow; Cd (0.02), Cr (0.096), Cu (1.21), Fe (0.25), As (0.015), Ni (0.085), Zn (2.15), Pb (0.06), and Hg (0.0009) The order of abundance of the nine heavy metals in the effluent is as follows: Zn > Cu > Fe > Cr > Ni >Pb> Cd > As > Hg. Four heavy metals (Cd, As, Ni, and Pb) out of the nine analyzed occurred beyond WHO permissible level for effluent discharge. The study revealed that eight chromosomal aberrations which include bridged chromosome, fragmented chromosomes, variant chromosomes, C- mitotic cells, sticky chromosomes, spindle disturbance, binucleate cells, and vacuolated cells were induced in cells treated with different concentrations of the effluent. it was observed that all the concentrations produced negative relative division rates with 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% producing -23.26%, -5.08%, -18.01% and - 20.09% aside from the control. This revealed mito-suppressive effects of the effluent. Evidence from this study strongly indicated that the goldmine effluent is highly contaminated with heavy metals as well as genotoxic and mutagenic at every concentration.
Evaluation of Grain Yield, Yield Components and Genetic Parameters of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) Varieties in Dutse, Nigeria
This study evaluated ten sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) varieties for yield and yield-related traits under field conditions during the 2025 rainy season in Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria. The experiment was conducted to assess the extent of genetic variability among the varieties and identify superior genotypes adapted to the Sudan savanna agro-ecological zone. Data were collected on emergence, growth, phenological traits, yield components, pest and disease incidence, and grain yield. The results revealed significant variability among the sorghum varieties for traits like days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height, 1000 grain weight and grain yield, indicating strong genetic difference and variability. Early maturing varieties such as SAMSORG 52 exhibited shorter growth cycles, making them suitable for drought escape, while late maturing varieties such as SAMSORG 47 showed longer grain-filling periods and higher yield potential. SAMSORG 47, SAMSORG 48, and Fara-Fara consistently recorded superior yield performance. Heritability estimates indicated strong genetic control for phenological and morphological traits, while yield and some agronomic traits were influenced by environmental factors. The study confirms the presence of substantial genetic variability among sorghum genotypes and highlights the importance of selecting for stable and high-performing traits in breeding programmes. However, since the evaluation was conducted at a single location during one cropping season, environmental effects and genotype × environment interactions could not be adequately partitioned from genetic effects. Consequently, the estimates of genetic variability, heritability, and varietal performance should be interpreted with caution and validated through multi-location and multi-season trials before broad recommendations are made. Within the conditions of this study, SAMSORG 47, SAMSORG 48, and Fara-Fara emerged as the most promising varieties for further evaluation and potential cultivation in the Sudan savanna agro-ecological zone.
Comparative Evaluation of Nutritional Composition and Sensory Attributes of Yoghurts Produced from Cow, Goat, Soy, Tiger-Nut and Coconut Milk Sources
Soy bean milk, tiger nut milk and coconut milk are plant-based milk, while cow milk and goat milk are animal-based milk used for production of yoghurt. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional composition and sensory profiles of the yoghurt made from different milk sources such as cow, goat, soybean, tiger-nut and coconut. The nutritional content of the yoghurt products samples was determined with standard methods, while for the sensory profiles (20)-trained panel lists of both male and female were enrolled for the sample’s evaluation. The yoghurt samples were assessed for color, aroma, taste, texture and overall-acceptability. The results reveal that coconut milk yoghurt (CNY) have a higher carbohydrate content (18.04%), cow milk yoghurt (CMY) have (12.26%) and soybean milk yoghurt have (10.80%),while least carbohydrate content is found in tiger nut milk yoghurt TNY(8.66%) and goat milk yoghurt GMY (3.04%).The moisture content was high in all the samples GMY(91.39%),TNY (85.82%), CMY (83.73%), SMY (78.23%) and CNY (77.52%); SMY with the highest content of protein (8.85%)and CMY with the lowest content of protein (3.81%), ash content was high in SMY (0.50%) and low content in TNY (0.20),while the fat content is high in CNY (5.92%) and low in SMY (2.17%).The SMY had the highest Na content (192.85%), CNY had the highest P content (4.06%), GMY had the highest Mg content (12.62%), and CMY had the highest content of Ca (16.05%). The sensory evaluation results reveal that the yoghurt products of SMY, TNY and CMY are acceptable in color, aroma, texture, taste and overall-acceptability compared to CNY and GMY yoghurt products. The results revealed that the plant-based milk yoghurt as non-dairy products with the ability of a good distinct nutritious and healthy source of protein that can be used as substitute for dairy products compared to animal-based milk yoghurt.
Soybean milk yoghurt, Tiger-nut yoghurt, Coconut milk yoghurt, Cow and Goat milk yoghurt, Lactose intolerance
Copyright (c) 2025 Direct Research Journal of Agriculture and Food Science
The Impact of Dietary Intake on Work Time and Productivity: A Comprehensive Review
Nutrition plays a pivotal role in determining labour efficiency and overall productivity, directly influencing both physical and cognitive capacities essential for optimal work performance. This review x-rayed the complex relationship between dietary intake and work performance, highlighting the mechanisms by which nutritional status affects physical capacity, cognitive function, and resilience to workplace stress. It delves into specific workplace dietary patterns, such as the consumption of energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods, and examines how deficiencies in essential nutrients like vitamins, minerals, and omega-3 fatty acids can impair cognitive abilities, reduce concentration, and hinder decision-making processes. Additionally, the review addresses the impact of nutrition-related chronic diseases; including obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular conditions on absenteeism, presenteeism, and reduced productivity. It integrates current research to emphasize the crucial role of balanced diets in maintaining energy levels, improving mental clarity, and enhancing physical endurance, which are all critical for sustained work efficiency. The review also discusses barriers to achieving optimal nutrition in the workplace, such as time constraints, limited access to healthy foods, and a lack of nutrition education, and suggests practical recommendations to promote healthier dietary habits among employees. By highlighting the critical link between nutrition and productivity, this review emphasizes the need for targeted interventions, such as workplace nutrition programs, that can foster healthier eating behaviors, reduce the incidence of nutrition-related diseases, and ultimately maximize workforce productivity.
Nutrition, Productivity, Cognitive function, Dietary patterns, Chronic diseases.
Analysis of Factors Influencing Adoption of Organic Onion Production by Farmers in Wamakko Local Government Area of Sokoto State, Nigeria
This study examined the factors influencing the adoption of organic onion production and the constraints faced by farmers in Wamakko Local Government Area of Sokoto State, Nigeria. A multistage sampling procedure was employed, involving the purposive selection of seven villages (Dundaye, Gumbi, Kwalkwalawa, Kammata, Bini, Kasarawa, and Gatare). From each village, 10 organic onion farmers were randomly selected, yielding a total sample size of 70 respondents. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaires and focus group discussions (FGDs) with the aid of trained enumerators, while secondary data were obtained from relevant literature, including textbooks, journals, reports, and statistical publications. The Small Plot Adoption Technique (SPAT) was used to determine the level of adoption of organic onion production practices by assessing the proportion of cultivated land under organic management by each farmer. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages. The results revealed that economic and institutional factors were the most influential drivers of adoption, accounting for 27.5% and 22.5%, respectively, followed by medicinal benefits (14.2%), organic manure use (15%), and extension services (10.0%). The study further identified major constraints affecting organic onion production, including inadequate storage facilities (59.17%), inadequate capital (50.83%), high cost of labour (40.83%), high cost of organic manure (25.00%), limited access to bio-pesticides (23.33%), poor extension services (17.50%), small farm holdings (15.00%), inaccessibility to improved seeds (10.00%), poor market prices (5.83%), inadequate credit facilities (3.33%), and pests and diseases (3.33%). The study concludes that despite the growing adoption of organic onion production, farmers are significantly constrained by infrastructural, financial, and institutional challenges. It is recommended that government and development agencies strengthen extension services, improve access to credit and organic inputs, and support farmer cooperatives to enhance production efficiency and market access. Future studies should consider comparative analyses between organic and conventional onion production systems to better assess yield differentials and economic viability.
Extension Agents, Adoption, Constraints, Organic onion production
Quantitative Evaluation of Soil Fertility Status along the Nwaorie Riverbank using the Nutrient Index Approach
Soil fertility is a critical determinant of agricultural productivity and ecosystem sustainability, particularly in riverine environments where alluvial deposits can enhance nutrient availability. This study assessed the fertility status of soils along the Nwaorie Riverbank in Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria, using the Nutrient Index (NI) approach. Systematic soil sampling (0–20 cm) was conducted across five zones, with laboratory analyses measuring pH, exchangeable potassium (K⁺), total nitrogen (TN), organic matter (OM), and available phosphorus (Av.P). Descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation were employed to evaluate spatial variability and interrelationships among soil properties. Results indicated that soil pH ranged from 7.0 to 7.5, reflecting neutral to slightly alkaline conditions conducive to nutrient availability. Nutrient concentrations varied significantly across sites: Second Inland exhibited the highest NI (2.60), classifying it as high fertility, while Amakaohia had the lowest NI (1.80), indicating medium fertility. Strong positive correlations were observed among TN, K⁺, and Av.P, suggesting synergistic nutrient enrichment from alluvial deposition and anthropogenic inputs, whereas weak correlations with OM and pH indicated limited influence of soil reaction and organic matter on nutrient availability under current conditions. The findings reveal marked spatial heterogeneity in soil fertility, highlighting areas with nutrient limitations that require targeted management. The study underscores the importance of site-specific soil management strategies to enhance crop productivity, optimize nutrient use, and support sustainable land use planning in riverine environments.
Kikanda, a Congolese Traditional Plant-based Meat: Microscopic Features, Phytochemical Profile, and Antioxidant Activity
Kikanda is a traditional plant-based food consumed in the Katanga Province of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). It is prepared from the powdered tubers of wild-harvested terrestrial orchids (Orchidaceae) with groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea L.), sodium bicarbonate, and aromatic spices. Despite its longstanding cultural and nutritional significance, no prior study has investigated the phytochemical profile and antioxidant capacity of Kikanda or the microscopic features of powders of orchid tubers used in its preparation. This study investigated the phytochemical composition, microscopic characteristics, and in vitro antioxidant activity of Kikanda and its orchid tuber ingredients. Microscopic examinations of orchid tuber powders revealed diagnostic botanical features useful for the identification and authentication of orchid tubers. TLC phytochemical screening identified polyphenols and flavonoids in the various components of Kikanda. All extracts demonstrated significant ABTS and DPPH radical-scavenging activities, with IC₅₀ values ranging from 5.57 to 42.17 µg/mL. Orchid tuber extract exhibited the strongest ABTS scavenging activity (IC₅₀ = 5.57 ± 0.77 µg/mL), while Kikanda extract also showed substantial antioxidant potential (ABTS IC₅₀ = 37.84 ± 1.6 µg/mL). This study is the first to report the antioxidant activity of Kikanda and the microscopic characteristics of powdered orchid tubers used in its preparation. Further in vivo and toxicological studies are necessary to validate Kikanda’s potential as a nutritional and functional food.
Effect of Irrigation Depths Using Soil Cover in Arugula (Eruca sativa) Cultivation
Effective irrigation management is critical for maximizing crop productivity. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different irrigation depths and soil cover on the productive performance of arugula (Eruca sativa), a crop characterized by a shallow root system and high water sensitivity. The research was conducted in Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil, using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) in a split-plot scheme. Treatments consisted of two soil cover conditions (with and without polyethylene cover) and five irrigation levels (20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% of crop evapotranspiration), with four replications. Morphological development was evaluated by measuring plant height at 24 and 31 days after transplanting. Regression analysis at p < 0.05 revealed that soil cover significantly enhanced early growth, with covered plants averaging 3.97 cm taller than bare-soil plants at 24 days. This positive response is attributed to improved thermal stability and reduced evaporation. By day 31, irrigation levels became a dominant predictor of growth, exhibiting a quadratic response. Plant height increased with increasing irrigation from 20% to 60%, but declined significantly at 100% saturation. This decline indicates that over-watering leads to root hypoxia and nutrient leaching, inhibiting vertical elongation. No significant interaction effect was found between the two variables, suggesting the benefits of soil cover remain consistent across varying water depths. Optimal arugula production is achieved by maintaining moderate irrigation depths (40–60%) in combination with soil cover. This management strategy stabilizes the soil microclimate and maximizes water use efficiency, mitigating the risks of both water deficit and excessive saturation.
Drip irrigation, Soil cover, Water use efficiency, Morphological components
Natural enemies in the management of Red-billed quelea (Quelea quelea) in Hadejia-Nguru wetlands, Nigeria: A conservation-based review
Rice is one of the major cereal crops in the world that has the potential to significantly contribute to the achievement of global food security. Animal pests cause about 15% of the world's rice output to be lost. The most dangerous pest birds are migratory, gregarious birds like the Red-billed Quelea (Quelea quelea), a nomadic pest of cereal crops that feeds in large flocks. In Nigeria's Hadejia-Nguru marshes. The aim of this review is to explore the possibility of using natural enemies to manage the population of this pest bird. A systematic literature review of journals and articles covering from 2015 to 2026 using Data bases such as PubMed, Science direct and google scholar were assessed. The keywords Conservation, control, Raptors, Quelea quelea, and wetlands, were used in literature search. Findings reveals that one of the causes of the bird's abundance is the expansion of grain production, especially rice, in the region and nearby communities. The use of the organophosphate substance Fenthion (Qualithox), which has numerous drawbacks, is one of the main methods of controlling the pest bird. The potential use of birds' natural enemies to manage the species was emphasized in this paper. The numerous uses of natural enemies, especially birds of prey, were well reviewed in the literature. The main issues include sluggish reproduction of the raptors, anthropogenic activities including hunting, habitat loss, electrocution, and secondary poisoning, which are causing the population of birds of prey to severely decline. This review proposes the use of conservation of the raptors as a strategy. This implies that it is possible to reintroduce the Queleas natural enemies, which are birds of prey. This can be accomplished by providing nesting boxes, avoiding the use of chemicals, controlling trade-offs like the use of certain birds and their parts for medicine and rituals, implementing agroforestry, massive afforestation, regulating hunting, and using wetland resources unsustainably.
Conservation, Control, Raptors, Quelea quelea, and wetlands
Assessment of Farmers’ Awareness, Economic Potentials and Limitations on the Production of Kenaf (Hibiscus Cannabinus L) in Southwest Nigeria
The study was conducted in the South-West region of Nigeria to assess farmers’ awareness of the economic potentials and constraints associated with kenaf production. Agricultural zones under the Agricultural Development Programme (ADP) in Oyo, Ogun and Ekiti States were selected for the study. Data were collected with well-structured questionnaire from 235 farmers across the 3 States and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results show that more males (70.2%) were involved in the farming activities than female (29.8%), the mean age of the farmers was 48±22 years and the sources of agricultural information were mostly radio and extension agents. The results indicate that none of the farmers cultivate kenaf. Farmers have little knowledge of the potentials of kenaf as 53.2% knows that the young kenaf plant can be eaten as vegetable while 38.30% and 22.13% know that kenaf fibre can be used to make produce bag and extraction of oil for cooking. Perceived constraints are non-familiarity with the crop, inadequate information and knowledge on its utilization. It was therefore, recommended that sensitization programme be organized for farmers to bring relevant information and about the potentials of kenaf in the south west Nigeria.
Constraints, Awareness, Economic potential, Kenaf production
Application of Nutrient Index and Multivariate Analysis for Soil Fertility Assessment of Rice Farms in Okigwe, Southeastern Nigeria
Soil fertility decline remains a major constraint to sustainable rice production in southeastern Nigeria, largely due to continuous cultivation and poor nutrient management practices. This study evaluated the nutrient status of selected rice farm soils in Okigwe area of Imo State using the nutrient index (NI) approach, alongside multivariate statistical techniques. Surface soil samples (0–15 cm) were collected from ten rice farms and analyzed for physical and chemical properties using standard procedures. Results showed that the soils were predominantly sandy, with sand content ranging from 45.2% to 68.4% (mean = 54.5%), while clay and silt contents varied widely between 5.6–41.6% (mean = 22.2%) and 6.0–48.0% (mean = 23.3%), respectively, indicating considerable spatial variability. Soil pH ranged from 4.60 to 5.96 (mean = 5.46), classifying the soils as slightly to moderately acidic. Available phosphorus ranged from 2.18 to 16.25 mg kg⁻¹ (mean = 6.41 mg kg⁻¹), while total nitrogen varied from 0.60 to 3.10 g kg⁻¹ (mean = 1.21 g kg⁻¹), both indicating low to moderate nutrient status. Organic carbon content ranged from 7.9 to 36.3 g kg⁻¹ (mean = 14.31 g kg⁻¹). Exchangeable Ca, Mg, K, and Na ranged from 2.0–5.6, 1.2–2.8, 0.11–0.29, and 0.05–0.21 cmol kg⁻¹, respectively. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) varied from 4.83 to 10.54 cmol kg⁻¹ (mean = 6.28 cmol kg⁻¹), while base saturation ranged from 71.3% to 86.9% (mean = 79.77%). Nutrient index values indicated low fertility status for pH (1.0), total nitrogen (1.6), available phosphorus (1.1), and CEC (1.1), while organic carbon (2.1), calcium (2.1), potassium (1.7), and sodium (1.8) were in the medium category, and magnesium (3.0) and base saturation (2.5) were high. Principal component analysis extracted five components explaining 90.19% of total variance, with soil fertility (37.27%) and soil acidity (19.85%) as dominant factors. Strong positive correlations were observed between organic matter and total nitrogen (r = 0.99), available phosphorus (r = 0.93), calcium (r = 0.90), and CEC (r = 0.83), highlighting the central role of organic matter in nutrient dynamics. The study concludes that although the soils are moderately fertile, acidity, low nitrogen and phosphorus, and low CEC are major constraints to rice productivity. Liming, integrated nutrient management, and site-specific fertilizer application are recommended to enhance soil fertility and sustain rice production in the area.
Toxicological and Histopathological Effects of Parkia biglobosa Leaf Powder on Clarias gariepinus Juveniles: Implications for Aquatic Ecosystem Health
This study seeks to determine the Toxicological and histopathological Effects of Parkiabiglobosa Leaf Powder on Clariasgariepinus Juveniles and physicochemical parameters of the cultured water. The fish were exposed to five (5) different concentrations of PLP at 0g/l (control), 15g/l, 30g/l, 45g/l and 60g/l with three replicates, with each containing ten (10) fish sample. One way analysis of variance was used to compare the mean of the different treatments, the experiment employed a completely randomized designed. The histological examination of the liver was conducted after 96 hours using standard histological technique. Behavioural changes such as jumping, abnormal vertical orientation, air gulping, loss of buoyancy, loss of reflex and discoloration increased with increased concentration of PLP. They was a decrease in dissolved oxygen (DO) with increased concentration of Parkiabiglobosa leaf powder (PLP). The DO for the control was highest at 6.03±0.01, while the 45g and 60g of PLP has the lowest DO of 2.86±0.09 respectively. There was a decrease in Potential of Hydrogen (pH) of the cultured water with increasing concentration of PLP, the control showed the highest pH value of 7.16±0.01, followed by 15g at 6.90±0.03, while the lowest pH was recorded for 60g at 6.38±0.02. The Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) was highest at the 60g concentration of PLP (413.00±6.43). The mortality rate was higher with increasing concentration of PLP, with 100% mortality within 24 hours at the 45g and 60g. The mean toxicity level was 4.00. The LC50 for the 96 hours was 27.55g/L. The Biometric parameters of the varying concentration PLP throughout the 96hrs bioassay show no significant difference (p>0.05) for all parameters. Histological result of the liver of the fish exposed to PLP showed severe cellular generation, pyknotic nucleus and cellular necrosis with increased concentration of PLP, normal liver architecture was observed in the control. The PLP has negative effects on water quality, fish liver histology and on survival rate of the fish. Therefore, fish farmers should not use these plant materials as piscicide in fish harvesting in the natural water bodies as it will decrease fish populations and affect water quality which can lead to serious ecological damages.
Parkiabiglobosa, CIariasgarienpinus, Piscicides, Juveniles, Water quality
Nematicidal Activity of Aqueous and Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of Azadirachta indica (A. Juss.) and Senna alata (L.) Roxb. against Meloidogyne Species on Tomato
Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) is a serious constraint to tomato production, and reliance on chemical nematicides poses environmental and health concerns. This study investigated the phytochemical composition and nematicidal potential of Azadirachta indica and Senna alata leaf extracts against root-knot nematode second-stage juveniles (J2) under laboratory and field conditions. Though neem (Azadirachta indica) is widely studied, senna (Senna alata or related species) is less explored in nematode control. The fresh leaves of both plants were shade-dried, pulverized, and extracted using aqueous and ethanolic solvents by cold maceration. Phytochemical constituents were screened qualitatively; while nematicidal assays were carried out by exposing approximately 100 J2 to graded concentrations of extracts (0.625–5.0 mg/ml) using Complete Randomized Design (CRD). Mortality was recorded at 6-hours intervals up to 24 hours, with distilled water as control. Field trials were conducted on nematode-infested tomato plots laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Treatments consisted of different extract concentrations (1 ml) of 30 mg/ml, 45 mg/ml, and 60 mg/ml were applied to soil at transplanting. Parameters assessed included root gall index, J2 population density, and fruit yield. Data generated were subjected to ANOVA using Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) and means separated at p ≤ 0.05. Phytochemical screening revealed variations in metabolite distribution. Azadirachta indica aqueous extracts contained abundant saponins, tannins, and phenols, whereas ethanolic extracts were rich in tannins, flavonoids, and glycosides. S. alata exhibited broader profiles, with high levels of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, anthraquinones, and steroids. Laboratory assays showed strong concentration- and time-dependent mortality, with S. alata extracts achieving 100 % mortality within 12–18 hours at 5 mg/ml, while A. indica required up to 18–24 hours. Field studies confirmed significant suppression of galling and J2 density, alongside improved yields. At 5 mg/ml, both species reduced gall index to below 1.0, suppressed J2 by over 90 %, and increased tomato yield above 31 t•ha⁻¹ compared to 18 t•ha⁻¹ in control. In conclusion, A. indica and S. alata possess potent nematicidal properties, with S. alata acting more rapidly. The field trial demonstrated the potential of Azadirachta indica and Senna alata as eco-friendly bio-nematicides for sustainable tomato production.
Fermentation Efficiency of Cassava using Indigenous Starter Cultures in Ebonyi State, Nigeria
Cassava fermentation enhances detoxification, preservation, and food quality. This study assessed the microbial load, physicochemical characteristics and efficiency of cassava fermentation using autochthonous starter cultures isolated from Ikwo, Onicha and Okwor of Ebonyi state, Nigeria. A total of Fifteen samples of cassava effluent were aseptically collected and served as starter cultures. Microbial load was determined by the use of serial dilution followed by spread plate technique, while physicochemical parameters were analysed at intervals of 0hr, 12hrs and 24hrs of fermentation (odour, gas production, texture, and liquid separation) were monitored at 0, 12, and 24 hours of fermentation. Microbial counts ranged from 4.0 × 10⁵ to 2.6 × 10⁶ CFU/mL, with Okwor samples showing the highest average counts. Lactic acid bacteria were predominant across most samples, while some exhibited no detectable growth. A significant reduction in pH was observed from 6.03–6.53 at 0 hours to 4.97–5.97 at 24 hours, with samples 7 and 10 showing the most rapid acidification (pH 4.97 ± 0.03), indicating active fermentation. Samples 4 (Ikwo), 7, and 10 (Onicha) demonstrated the most efficient fermentation, characterised by rapid acidification and pronounced sensory changes. These results point to the possibility of using indigenous lactic acid bacteria (LAB) starter cultures to achieve better consistency in fermentation as well as enhanced safety of food and detoxification of cyanogenic glycosides. The study suggests the development and standardisation of indigenous starter cultures to improve consistency, safety, and scalability of cassava fermentation processes.
Cassava fermentation, lactic acid bacteria, indigenous starter cultures, physicochemical properties, and fermentation efficiency, food safety, cyanogenic glycosides detoxification
Mango Exports in Ghana: Prospects, Strategies, and Challenges: A Qualitative Study of Private Exporting Firms
This study explores the prospects, strategies, and challenges of mango exports in Ghana through a qualitative analysis of 15 private exporting firms. Data were collected via face-to-face and telephone interviews with industry experts possessing 4–12 years of experience. The findings reveal diversified export strategies among firms: about 60% rely on intermediaries to access international markets, 27% adopt hybrid strategies combining local and export sales, and 13% engage in direct exports to supermarkets, emphasizing delivery within 48 hours to maintain product quality. The results highlight strong export prospects. Over 75% of respondents identified Ghana’s favorable agroclimatic conditions, which support two production seasons annually, while 60% noted high profitability driven by increasing demand in European and Middle Eastern markets. Despite these opportunities, significant challenges persist. More than 65% of participants reported limited access to finance, characterized by high interest rates and short repayment periods. Additionally, 53% identified exchange rate volatility as a major threat to export profitability. About 47% of firms also face difficulties sourcing export-quality fruits from smallholder farmers, affecting compliance with international standards. The study further shows that improved mango varieties, particularly Kent and Keitt, are highly preferred due to their superior quality and strong market acceptance. These findings contribute to existing literature by providing empirical insights into firm-level export behavior in Ghana’s horticultural sector, emphasizing the importance of strategic flexibility and market-oriented approaches. The study recommends improved access to flexible financing, strengthened quality assurance systems, and investment in climate-resilient varieties to enhance export competitiveness.
Export strategies; Agricultural trade; Ghana; Qualitative research; Value chain
Innovative Teaching of Cocoa for the Future: Using Indigenous Knowledge to Build Climate-Resilient Cocoa Education for Ghanaian Youth
This short communication was developed from a presentation by the author at the 2026 Cocoa Leadership Bootcamp jointly organized by Earth Care Ghana in partnership with Real-Ento, Kasetsart University in Thailand, Rights of Nature Ghana Movement, and the Forestry Research Institute of Ghana (FORIG). It describes the current problems facing Ghana's cocoa sector, which comprises an aging workforce, youth reluctance to engage in the sector, and the use of Western models for teaching that ignore indigenous knowledge for cocoa production. It discusses the need to adopt a radical approach of using indigenous knowledge in promoting a climate-resilient cocoa education targeted at Ghanaian youth. It highlights the need to consciously teach Ghanaian youth about traditional cocoa production and its valid scientific procedures. It positions indigenous knowledge in cocoa production as a window in understanding the lived experiences of cocoa farmers and as a step in understanding the unique micro-climate conditions of cocoa communities. It refutes the thought that indigenous knowledge stands in a binary position to modern science and calls for a synergistic approach to Ghana's cocoa production by building on the strengths of traditional and modern cocoa production techniques. It contends that Ghanaian youth can be attracted to the cocoa sector if their education factors in indigenous cocoa production techniques, migrates from theoretical overload, and focuses on discovery learning that prioritizes hands-on activities which simulate the agrarian situation in the real world. It calls for the adoption of a teacher-as-farmer community-based model, field-based teaching, a tech-tradition hybrid innovations model, and a cross-sector framework as the surest path in building a climate-resilient cocoa education for Ghana's youth.
Agribusiness; cocoa production; cocoa farmers; Ghanaian youth; indigenous knowledge; experiential teaching; school demonstration farms, student-Managed mini farms
Retrospective Assessment of Foetal Wastage at the Lafenwa Slaughter SLAB (2021 - 2025)
The indiscriminate slaughter of pregnant food animals is a major issue in livestock production, leading to significant economic losses and depletion of future herd stock in many developing countries, including Nigeria. This study retrospectively evaluated the incidence and trend of bovine foetal wastage (FW) at the Lafenwa Slaughter Slab in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria, over a five-year period. Slaughter Slab records on the total number of female cattle (cows and heifers) slaughtered and the number of foetuses recovered (foetal wastage) were analysed for the period spanning January 2021 to December 2025. The annual foetal wastage rate (FWR) was calculated as the percentage of foetuses wasted relative to the total number of female cattle slaughtered. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis and trend evaluation. A total of 217,714 female cattle were slaughtered, with a total foetal wastage of 25,509 foetuses during the study period. The annual number of female cattle slaughtered and foetal wastage cases showed year-on-year variations. The overall mean annual FWR for the five years studied was 11.71 %. The highest FWR was recorded in 2025 at 18.1%, and the lowest was in 2021 at 10.17%. The findings indicate that a considerable proportion of female cattle slaughtered during the study period were pregnant resulting in substantial foetal losses. This represents a significant economic loss to the livestock industry and may negatively affect future herd replacement capacity and a threat to food security. Comparative analysis shows that these findings are consistent with recent reports from other regions of Nigeria, including Jalingo (12.3%) and Kano (14.5%), suggesting that foetal wastage remains a widespread issue linked to inadequate enforcement of ante-mortem inspection and poor pregnancy detection practices. The increasing trend observed in this study underscores the urgent need to strengthen the implementation of existing animal inspection protocols and the adoption of practical innovations such as portable pregnancy detection technologies to reduce losses, while also enhancing awareness among livestock owners and traders about the long-term reproductive, economic and food security consequences of foetal wastage.
Evaluation of Kenaf Varieties for Growth and Yield Characteristics
The experiment was conducted during the 2023 rainy season at two locations; Faculty of Agriculture Research Farm, Federal University Dutse and Bauchi State University, Gadau. The experiments were laid in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The result showed that, white variety (yar fara) is superior to the other variety by having the best growth parameters such as plant height (166.6cm), number of leaves (116). White variety (yar fara) also attained 50% flowering (81 days) earlier than the other variety. Black variety (yar baka), had higher fresh weight of leaves (360g), dry weight of leaves (155.3g), fibre yield per plant (911g) and fibre yield per hectare (5.29t). For better yield of fibre, black variety (yar baka) is recommended to be cultivated.
Costs and Returns Analysis Associated with Egg Production among Small Holder Poultry Farmers in Ngor Okpala Local Government Council of Imo State, Nigeria
The costs and returns analysis associated with egg production among small holder poultry farmers in Ngor Okpala Local Government Council of Imo State, Nigeria was evaluated. Primary data were collected from 30 farmers drawn from the study area using multi stage, purposive and random sampling techniques. Analysis of data was carried out with the use of descriptive statistics, net income analysis and profitability ratios. The result revealed that majority of the farmers are male (76.67 %) and 83.33 % were married. Majority of the farmers 83.33 % had post primary education. 96.67 % of the small holder poultry farmers are in their active working age of between 21 and 60 years with most of them 90 % having over 5years experience in egg production with an average bird size of 268. The net income analysis indicated that an average farmer invested annually N1, 931,634.50 in poultry egg production with a total return of N 2,325,573.13. The gross margin and net income were N491, 557.63 and N393, 938.63 respectively. These figures suggest that egg production in the study area is a profitable venture. The result further revealed that disease outbreak, high cost of feed, high cost of vaccine and drugs, high mortality rate, egg spoilage and poor power supply were identified as the problems hindering egg production in the study area. The study therefore recommends that extension agents should intensify effort to educate small holder poultry farmers about improved management practices that will lead to reduction of disease outbreak and affordable drugs and vaccine should be made available to the farmers at a substituted price by government. Government should develop and enforce livestock feeds standards in order to protect farmers from dubious feed millers.
A Review of the Potential of Moringa oleifera Plantations for Economic Diversification and Climate Change Mitigation in Yobe State, Nigeria
The biggest worldwide concern today is providing food security for a growing population. In addition, the growing agricultural activities including farming and infrastructural development is putting pressure on the scarce land resources paving way for land degradation and ultimately climate change. For generations, the variety of plants has been essential to human health and well-being, providing food, nutrition, medicine, shelter, and energy. Only 7000 of the approximately 39,000 known plant species are grown or gathered for food. Governments in Sub Saharan Africa view Moringa as a preferred “developmental tree” with the ability to address a number of socioeconomic issues, including food insecurity, poverty, and malnutrition. It is a pantropical plant also known as the Horse radish tree. The objective of this review is to outline the use of Moringa oleifera plantation as a means of diversifying economy and improving food security and mitigating climate change in the Sahelian state of Yobe. A systematic literature review is adopted as a method to search on secondary materials in published journals from google scholar, PubMed, science direct, Springer and Taylor and Francis. Journals and articles covering from 2015 to 2026 were mostly searched using the key terms Moringa cultivation, food security, climate change and economic diversification. Results obtained indicate that numerous studies were conducted detailing the nutritional and therapeutic qualities of Moringa were published in mainstream scientific publications within the last eleven years (2015-2026). The literature search is limited to Moringa cultivation and economic uses only excluding other economic trees and culinary herbaceous plant. The review emphasizes Moringa's economic significance in combating starvation and its promise as a commercially viable tree species in Yobe State, advocating for the establishment of Moringa plantations to address desert encroachment. It highlights the many propagation methods of the plant including direct planting of seeds in the field or growing the seeds in the nursery. It also highlights the asexual means of propagating the plant through macro propagation methods such as budding, cutting and layering and also highlights micro propagation of the plant through the use of cell tissue culture system.
Economic diversification, Moringa oleifera, climate change, plantations
Suitability Evaluation of Wetland Soils for Tomato Production in Okobo, South-South Nigeria
This study assessed the suitability of selected wetland soils in Okobo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria, for tomato production based on their physicochemical properties. Tomato is an important vegetable crop widely consumed in the diets of people in Akwa Ibom State; however, limited studies have examined the suitability of Okobo wetland soils for its cultivation. To address this gap, two soil profile pits were excavated in two different communities and designated as Pedon 1 and Pedon 2. Soil samples collected from the profiles were analyzed to determine their physical and chemical characteristics and to evaluate their suitability for tomato production. The soil colour in Pedon 1 ranged from black (7.5YR 2/1) to dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6), while Pedon 2 ranged from dark reddish brown to dark greyish brown (10YR 4/2). The textural class varied from loamy sand to sandy loam in Pedon 1 and from sandy loam to loamy sand in Pedon 2. Organic carbon values ranged from 1.60–2.40 g/kg in Pedon 1 with a mean of 2.0 g/kg, while Pedon 2 ranged from 2.2–2.8 g/kg with a mean of 2.5 g/kg, indicating generally low organic carbon content in both pedons. Available phosphorus had a mean value of 4.45 mg/kg in Pedon 1 and 5.20 mg/kg in Pedon 2, suggesting low phosphorus availability. Soil reaction showed that the soils were acidic, with mean pH values of 5.0 in Pedon 1 and 6.25 in Pedon 2. Exchangeable bases (Ca, Mg, Na, and K) were also found to be low in both pedons. Based on the land suitability evaluation, the soils met some of the basic environmental requirements for tomato cultivation, such as appropriate texture and humid conditions; however, fertility limitations were observed. The soils were classified as marginally suitable (S3f) due to low nutrient status, particularly phosphorus deficiency. The study therefore recommends the application of both organic and inorganic fertilizers to improve soil fertility. Amendments such as bone meal, a natural fertilizer rich in phosphorus, are suggested to enhance nutrient availability, promote root development, and improve flowering and fruiting of tomato plants. These improvements would enhance the productivity of tomato cultivation in the wetland soils of Okobo.
Suitability evaluation, Tomato production, Soil physicochemical properties, Wetland soils, South-South Nigeria
Influence of Tigernut Sprouting on Nutritional, Anti-Nutritional, Functional, and Sensory Properties of Kokoro from Maize–Tigernut Composite Flours
In Africa, kokoro is a popular maize-based snack made by extruding and frying a mixture of maize flour, water, and spices. The study evaluated the snack's nutritional, anti-nutritional, functional, and sensory attributes after sprouting tigernut for 0, 24, and 48 hours and incorporating it into maize composite flour. It found that sprouting increases protein, fat, and fibre while decreasing anti-nutritional factors. Kokoro became more nutritious when tigernut flour was germinated. Sprouting for 48 hours raised kokoro's protein content from 13.03% to 21.48%. The main reason is the improved protein quality from sprouting. Kokoro made with sprouted tigernut flour had better energy and functional qualities, making it more attractive to consumers. Significant improvements in water and oil absorption capacity (WAC and OAC) were observed (P < 0.05). The peak water-absorption capacity of the TS1 and TSB samples was 1.03–1.12 g/g. TSA showed the highest oil absorption capacity (0.70-1.03 g/g), while TS1 had the lowest. The enhanced functional qualities improve texture and mouthfeel. The low bulk density makes it suitable for recipes that do not require retrogradation. Sprouting also improved kokoro's flavour. TSA (tigernut grown for 48 hours) was the most popular and was better accepted. This suggests that longer sprouting improved the taste of the kokoro snack. The research shows that sprouting tigernuts during food processing can enhance the nutritional content, functional properties, and flavour of traditional snacks like kokoro, thereby supporting health and food security.
Kokoro, Sprouting, Composite-Flour, Tigernuts, Maize, nutritional enhancement