Seroprevalence of Brucella Abortus in Camels and Assessment of Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Camel Handlers on Brucellosis in Northern Senatorial District of Yobe State, Nigeria

Abstract

Brucellosis is an important but often neglected zoonosis that results in serious economic losses in both livestock and human populations. In Nigeria, the prevalence of Brucella is increasing, particularly among camels. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Northern senatorial district of Yobe State, which includes Karasuwa, Machina, Nguru, and Yusufari, to determine the seroprevalence of Brucella abortus in camels and assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of camel handlers regarding brucellosis. A total of 250 blood (serum) samples were collected from camels of various sexes and ages using convenience sampling. The samples were tested using the Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT), Serum Agglutination Test (SAT), and Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). A Structured, close-ended questionnaire was also employed and administered to the camel handlers. Results showed that 106 samples (42.4%) were seropositive by RBPT, 56 (22.4%) by SAT, and 42 (16.8%) by ELISA. Notably, 40 out of 56 camels with SAT titers had clinically significant antibody levels (≥1:80), indicating infection. Prevalence was higher in females compared to males across all tests, with statistical significance (p < 0.05). Additionally, adult camels aged 7 years and above showed a higher prevalence than younger camels (<7 years) based on RBPT results (p < 0.05). However, no significant differences were found among locations within the study area (p > 0.05). Analysis of the structured questionnaire revealed that camel handlers lacked comprehensive knowledge about brucellosis and its zoonotic potential but were aware of the disease in other species like cattle and goats. They did not practice preventive measures such as quarantine and consumed unboiled milk without protective clothing while handling camels. The study established a seroprevalence of Brucella abortus antibodies in camels in Yobe State and highlighted the lack of knowledge among camel handlers regarding the disease and its risks. Recommendations include monitoring herds with positive camels, advising culling of positive reactors, conducting public awareness campaigns on brucellosis's public health significance, and instituting routine surveillance and control programs in the region.