Direct Research Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science
Direct Research Journal Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (DRJVMAS) ISSN: 2734-2166 is an international peer-reviewed, open-access journal that publishes original research articles as well as review articles in all areas of Veterinary medicine and Animal Science. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published shortly after acceptance. Submit your manuscript using the submission link Submit Manuscript ARTICLE PROCESSING COST = 655USD FOR AUTHOR OTHER COUNTRIES OR 75000 NAIRA FOR NIGERIA. AUTHORS CAN APPLY FOR PARTIAL WAIVER TO THE JOURNAL EDITORIAL AT editorialoffice@directresearchpublisher.org
Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasites of Poultry in Selected Locations in Jos Metropolis, Plateau State, Nigeria
Poultry production plays a vital role as a source of protein thereby impacting the growth of the meat subsector and contributes significantly to the national economy. The study was conducted to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in poultry birds slaughtered within Jos metropolis. A total of one hundred and seventy-two (172) intestinal segments were collected using a convenience sampling technique across four locations including; Bukuru, Farin Gada, Terminus and the Poultry Unit of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH), University of Jos, Nigeria, in Jos metropolis. Samples were analyzed using floatation technique for recovery of ova and oocyst. A total prevalence of 56.40% (97/172) was recorded for ova and oocysts while for adult worms, a prevalence of 11.05% (19/172) was observed. Terminus recorded the highest prevalence of parasites' ova and oocysts with a prevalence of 62.79% (27/43). In terms of adult worm recovery, Bukuru, Farin Gada and VTH recorded a prevalence of 11.63% (5/43) with Terminus alone recording a prevalence of 9.30% (4/43). The large intestine ranked as the highest parasite predilection site with prevalence 53.64% (81/151) while Farin Gada had the highest prevalence in terms of distribution of parasites than the other locations. Eimeria species had the highest prevalence of oocysts while Ascaridia had the highest prevalence in terms of adult worms. This current study highlights the need for a more consistent routine screening and strategic prophylactic treatment of birds in Jos metropolis.
Fuel Usage in Poultry Brooding: A Study of Ahiazu Mbaise Local Government Council of Imo State, Nigeria
Brooding plays a vital role in chick survival and growth, requiring precise temperature regulation. However, increasing fuel costs and inefficiencies in conventional brooding systems pose serious challenges to poultry farmers, particularly in developing regions. This study examines fuel usage patterns, farmer characteristics, and key constraints affecting poultry brooding in Ahiazu Mbaise Local Government Area, Imo State, Nigeria. A purposive and multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 60 poultry farmers from 10 communities. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and interviews, and analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages. The majority of farms (94%) operated 3–5 units, while 66.7% of farmers maintained stocking rates between 1 and 500 birds. Kerosene brooders were the predominant energy source (66.7%), followed by charcoal (25.0%) and gas brooders (8.3%), with no adoption of radiant tube heaters. Most respondents were male (62%) and aged between 20 and 40 years (72%). Key constraints identified included poor marketing infrastructure (40%), limited access to credit (32%), and low awareness of improved brooding technologies (18%). Poultry farmers largely depend on inefficient and costly fuel sources, underscoring the need for affordable, energy-efficient brooding alternatives to enhance productivity and sustainability.
Brooding, Poultry farming, Fuel usage, Temperature management, Small-scale farmers, Nigeria
Comparative Pathophysiological Changes in Red Sokoto Bucks Following one and two Clamp Burdizzo Castration
The study evaluated the comparative effects of one and two clamp Burdizzo castration techniques on body weight, scrotal circumference, semen characteristics, serum testosterone, and testicular histology in Red Sokoto bucks. Eleven bucks were randomly assigned into three groups: one clamp (n=4), clamp (n=4), and control (n=3). Parameters were assessed weekly for four weeks. Both castration methods caused marked reductions in testosterone levels, semen quality, and sperm production, with complete azoospermia achieved earlier in the two-clamp group (week 3) compared to the one clamp group (week 4). Histopathology revealed severe degeneration of seminiferous tubules and coagulative necrosis, more pronounced in the two-clamp group. These findings demonstrate that while both techniques are effective for bloodless castration, the two-clamp method induces faster and more severe testicular degeneration. This has practical implications for reproductive control and herd management in goat production systems.
Burdizzo, Castration, Red Sokoto bucks, Spermiogram, Testicular histology, Azoospermia
Remote Sensing Analysis of Habitat Change and Seasonal Monkey Distribution in Okomu National Park, Nigeria
Tropical primate habitats are increasingly threatened by fragmentation and degradation, necessitating systematic monitoring to inform conservation strategies. This study examined the seasonal distribution of monkeys in Okomu National Park, Edo State, Nigeria, and assessed the long-term impacts of habitat change on their persistence. Visual and acoustic surveys were conducted across ten systematically sampled blocks during both rainy and dry seasons, while GIS-based analyses of land-cover change from 1984, 2001, and 2017 provided insights into habitat dynamics. Results demonstrated that monkey detections were consistently concentrated in core forest blocks across seasons, indicating stable spatial use irrespective of rainfall variability. Land-cover analysis revealed that high forest (57.46%) and low forest (29.23%) dominate the park, while grassland (3.78%) and degraded areas (3.60%) have expanded slightly over time, signaling localized threats to ecological integrity. Comparative synthesis with regional and global primate studies underscores that forest continuity, rather than short-term climatic variation, is the critical determinant of primate persistence. The findings highlight the urgent need for management strategies that prioritize the protection of intact forest, rehabilitation of degraded zones, and prevention of further habitat loss. By integrating spatial ecology with temporal land-use dynamics, this research provides evidence-based guidance for sustaining primate populations in Okomu National Park and contributes to broader discourse on tropical biodiversity resilience under anthropogenic and climatic pressures. Ultimately, the study reinforces the interconnectedness of forest quality and primate survival, emphasizing conservation interventions that safeguard ecological continuity.
Primate conservation, Okomu National Park, habitat fragmentation, GIS, seasonal distribution, tropical forest ecology, biodiversity resilience, land-use change
Occurrence and Distribution of Fasciola in Cattle Slaughtered on the Mambilla Plateau, Sardauna Local Government Area of Taraba State, Nigeria
Fasciolosis, caused by Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica, poses significant zoonotic and economic threats to cattle production in tropical highlands like Nigeria's Mambilla Plateau. This study assessed prevalence and distribution in 515 cattle slaughtered at Gembu (70.7%) and Nguroje (29.3%) abattoirs, Sardauna LGA, Taraba State, during the rainy season (May–October 2025). Post-mortem liver inspections identified adult flukes in 92 (17.86%) cases. Gallbladder bile revealed eggs in 147 (28.54%), and fecal sedimentation detected eggs in 141 (27.38%). Prevalence was higher in bile than liver or feces, reflecting egg accumulation patterns. No significant differences occurred by abattoir (liver: χ²=0.067, p=0.796; bile: χ²=2.187, p=0.139; feces: χ²=3.279, p=0.070), sex (females 91.3% of sample; liver males 17.8% vs. females 17.9%, p=0.987), or age (<2 years: liver/gallbladder 50%; >5 years: feces 24.9%; p>0.05). However, adult liver flukes correlated significantly with gallbladder eggs (Pearson's, p<0.05), validating necropsy diagnostics. Bile examination proved most sensitive, though limited to slaughter settings. Findings exceed Jalingo abattoir rates (8.29%, 2024) but align with global bovine averages (17%) and prior Mambilla data, attributed to prolonged rainfall (>1,850 mm/year), altitude (1,850 m), and snail habitats. Higher bile/fecal rates link to intermittent shedding during peak transmission. Compared to national studies (e.g., 40.5% Bauchi), lower rates reflect topographic dilution of eggs. Implications include liver condemnation losses and productivity declines (20% weight loss). Recommendations include seasonal anthelmintics, snail control, farmer education. Further molecular genotyping and live diagnostics (coproELISA) needed for control.
Cattle, Fasciolosis, Fasciola gigantica, Mambilla Plateau, Nigeria, Prevalence, Taraba State
Report on Confirmed Cases of Foot and Mouth Disease in Mubi North and South LGAs, Adamawa State
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), caused by the FMD virus (FMDV) of the Picornaviridae family, poses a major threat to livestock health and economies in endemic regions like Nigeria, where it causes substantial production losses through reduced milk yield, weight gain, and trade restrictions. This report documents a confirmed FMD outbreak in Mubi North and South Local Government Areas (LGAs), Adamawa State, northeastern Nigeria, spanning September–October 2024. The event was first suspected on September 21, 2024, via a client report to Mubi Veterinary Clinic, with preliminary field investigations on September 22 across Muvir, Bagira, and Dazala settlements revealing 210 morbid cattle cases and 50 deaths (23.8% mortality rate). Following notification, the Adamawa State Ministry of Livestock and Aquaculture Development deployed an investigation team on October 3, which sampled 10 herds from 10 settlements in both LGAs. Blood sera and epithelial tissues (tongue/hoof vesicles) were collected in cold-chain conditions and transported to the National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom, Plateau State. Laboratory assays (ELISA, RT-PCR) confirmed FMDV serotype O in all samples, the predominant strain in West Africa. Expanded surveillance identified 2,979 total cases and 208 deaths across villages (e.g., 553 cases/45 deaths in Muvir; 7% overall case fatality), lower than initial estimates due to broader ascertainment. Mubi's location (10°11'30"–10°22'30"N, 13°13'00"–13°30'00"E) and international cattle market in Mubi South, trading animals from Cameroon, Chad, Central African Republic, and Somalia, facilitated transboundary incursion via unregulated movements. Risk factors included absent vaccination, communal grazing, and market fomites. Control measures involves quarantine, carcass disposal, ring vaccination, and education halted spread. Economic losses were very high, underscoring needs for border surveillance, >80% vaccination coverage, and genomic tracking. This outbreak highlights vulnerabilities in pastoral trade hubs, informing Nigeria's FMD Progressive Control Pathway.
Adamawa State, Cattle, Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Nigeria, Outbreak, Transboundary Disease
Outbreak Investigation of African swine fever in a Multi-Farm Pig Cluster at Gudugba, Ewekoro (Ogun State) Nigeria
African Swine Fever (ASF) is a highly contagious viral infection of pigs that causes severe losses in pig farming worldwide, with Nigeria among the countries most affected. Frequent outbreaks in the country have been associated with weak biosecurity, unrestricted pig movement, and communal slaughter facilities that facilitate rapid viral dissemination. This study describes the epidemiological and clinical features of a confirmed ASF outbreak in a pig farm cluster settlement in Ogun State. A field investigation was conducted on May 20, 2025, following a report of unusual pig deaths in Zone C of the settlement. Clinical observations, descriptive epidemiology, and trace-back techniques were used to assess the situation. The affected farm housed 82 pigs, of which 45 died and 12 were culled through emergency slaughter, this represents an attack rate of 69.5% and a case fatality rate of 78.9%. Observed clinical manifestations included anorexia, abortions, generalized weakness, hemorrhagic skin lesions, and sudden death, features that strongly suggested ASF. Trace-back assessments revealed that several farms across different zones had experienced similar morbidity and mortality in preceding months without formal reporting. These findings suggest silent transmission of ASF within the settlement, likely facilitated by the communal slaughter slab. Samples submitted to the National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom, tested positive for ASF virus by Polymerase Chain Reaction assay. The clinical signs, epidemiological features and laboratory test confirmed an active outbreak and highlighted the urgent need for strengthened surveillance, improved reporting, and enhanced biosecurity within the settlement. This outbreak emphasizes the importance of regulating communal slaughter activities, enforcing movement control, and adopting robust biosecurity protocols to limit the spread of ASF in Nigeria’s pig industry.
African swine fever; ASFV; outbreak investigation; pig farms, morbidity and mortality; rate, attack rate- case fatality rate, communal slaughter slab; biosecurity; PCR diagnosis; epidemiology Therefore could be used cautiously in therapeutic procedures
Copyright (c) 2026 Direct Research Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice on Rabies among Personnel of the Nigeria Police Force Headquarters, Abuja, Nigeria
Rabies remains a neglected zoonotic disease claiming approximately 10,000 lives annually in Nigeria, driven by canine reservoirs and suboptimal knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) amid the "Zero by 30" elimination target. Despite global calls for "One Health" interventions, occupational groups like the Nigeria Police Force (NPF) frequently exposed via patrols and community interfaces remain understudied. This study assessed rabies KAP among NPF Headquarters personnel in Abuja to identify gaps and baseline data for control strategies. A cross-sectional survey employed structured, pre-tested questionnaires administered via face-to-face interviews to 250 conveniently sampled personnel from March-June 2025. After excluding 17 incomplete responses (6.8%), data from 233 respondents were analyzed using SPSS v27. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and correlations evaluated sociodemographic, knowledge (transmission, prevention), attitudes (stray control, vaccination), and practices (dog vaccination, bite response). Significance was set at p<0.05. Respondents were mostly male (85%), aged 33.2±7.5 years, with 52.4% tertiary-educated. Knowledge was exemplary: 100% recognized vaccination as preventive and rabies fatality, 98.7% identified dog bites as primary transmission [attached results]. Attitudes were positive (mean 4.5/5), with 100% endorsing stray eradication via owner confinement. Practices showed gaps: 81.8% of dog owners (28.3%) vaccinated pets, 89.3% sought post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), but only 62.7% knew proper wound washing. Education strongly predicted knowledge (χ²=12.45, p=0.006); knowledge-attitude correlation was high (rho=0.72, p<0.001). NPF personnel exhibit superior rabies KAP compared to general Nigerian cohorts, positioning them as advocates for surveillance and enforcement. Practice gaps highlight needs for targeted training on first-aid and PEP timelines. Integrating rabies education into police curricula could amplify national control efforts toward 2030 goals.​
Copyright (c) 2025 Direct Research Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science
Developmental Morphometry of the Body and Brain in Wild Spotted Helmeted Guinea Fowl: A Pre and Post-Hatch Study
There are dearth of information on the developmental index of the body and brain of study in this wild species of avian in Nigeria. This work was aimed at providing baseline developmental indices in the body and brain of wild helmeted guinea fowl at pre- and post-hatch periods. Two hundred and ninety-four (294) fertilized eggs of wild helmeted guinea fowl were used for the study. Out of the total number, 196 egg were used for pre-hatch and 96 eggs were used for post-hatch studies. Eggs were purchased from National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI) Vom and local breeders within Jos town and its environs. At pre-hatch period, the mean weight of the whole embryo of the helmeted guinea fowl on day 4 of incubation was observed to be 0.040 ± 0.0021 g. On days 13, 19, 23 and 28, their mean weights were 1.951 ± 0.08 g, 7.080 ± 0.809g, 12.592 ± 1.305 g and 18.687 ± 1.647 g, respectively. The mean weight of the cerebellum on day 11 of incubation was 0.0038 ± 0.001 g. On day 23 pre-hatch, the mean weight was observed to be 0.0103 ± 0.001 g. The mean length of the whole brain of the helmeted guinea fowl on day 4 of incubation was 0.2074 ± 0.0232 cm. On days 10, 18, 22 and 26, the mean weights were 1.1180 ± 0.0041 cm, 1.4643 ± 0.0587 cm, 1.5191 ± 0.0596 cm and 1.6404 ± 0.0401 cm, respectively. At post-hatch morphometric studies, the mean weight of the helmeted guinea fowl keets at day 1 was 20.353 ± 1.1946 g. At days 10, 28, 37 and 55, the mean weights were 30.089 ± 2.4275 g, 51.0443 ± 5.1568 g, 109.062 ± 4.5119 g and 244.401 ± 26.2049 g, respectively. Brain weight increased proportionally with body weight, though it remained consistently lower
Body, brain, developmental, wild, guinea, fowl
Prevalence of oxytetracycline residues in farmed African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in Sokoto State, Nigeria
Intensification of aquaculture has led to the increasing use of drugs and other chemicals in order to reduce mortality and increase yield and production. Antimicrobial regiments are being employed prophylactically and therapeutically to combat the challenges of fish health condition and also growth promotion in aquaculture. A number of these chemoprophylactic and chemotherapeutic agents are used in feeds or directly into the culture after lowering the level of water. Oxytetracycline, a broad-spectrum antibiotic is widely used in aquaculture as a therapeutic or prophylactic agent because of its broad spectrum activity and its low price. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of Oxytetracycline (OTC) residues in cultured African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in Sokoto State, Nigeria. One hundred and eighty (180 table size and ready-for-market catfish were sampled from the selected fish farms across three senatorial zones in Sokoto State for detection of Oxytetracycline residue using quantitative ELISA. The results showed that forty-nine (27.22%) catfish samples contains average Oxytetracycline residue concentration of 349.0925 ppb, which is more than the recommended Maximum Residue Level of 200 ppb. There was no significant statistical association between Oxytetracycline residues detected between three agricultural zones.
African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus, ELISA, Nigeria, Oxytetracycline Residue, Sokoto State
Management of a Closed, Long Spiral Comminuted Femoral Fracture in the Right Hindlimb of a 6-Month-old Local Dog: A Case Report
A 6-month-old local breed dog weighing 13.4 kg was presented to the Small Animal Unit of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, with non–weight-bearing lameness on the right hindlimb following a road traffic accident. The dog was weak but responsive, with evident swelling and crepitation on the affected limb. Radiographic and clinical findings confirmed a long spiral comminuted fracture of the right femur. Haematological analysis revealed anaemia and mild eosinophilia. Surgical stabilisation was achieved through open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). Postoperative management included analgesics, antibiotics, haematinics, and vitamins. Recovery was uneventful, though the patient was not presented for subsequent follow-up evaluations. This case underscores the importance of timely surgical intervention, appropriate fixation methods, and diligent postoperative care in achieving satisfactory outcomes in canine femoral fractures.
Dog; Femoral fracture; Open reduction; internal fixation; Cerclage wire; IM pin
Occurrence of Leporine Psoroptic Mange in Jos Metropolis and Evaluation of Anti-mititic Activities of Eucalyptus Globulus and Azadirachta Indica oils on Nigerian Hybrid Rabbits
Rabbits are increasingly recognized as valuable livestock species, yet mange remains a significant ectoparasitic disease affecting dermatological integrity, welfare, and productivity. Ivermectin is the standard therapeutic agent; however, concerns about acaricide resistance, drug residues, and cost necessitate alternative management strategies. This study investigated the prevalence of mange in rabbits within Jos metropolis and evaluated the acaricidal efficacy of Eucalyptus globulus and Azadirachta indica (Neem) oils. One hundred skin scrapings were collected from rabbits presenting mange-like lesions across multiple farms and examined microscopically for mite identification. Infestation severity was categorised as mild, moderate, or severe. Eight naturally infested rabbits were randomly allocated into four groups (A–D). Group A (positive control) received ivermectin, while Groups B–D were treated topically with Eucalyptus oil, Neem oil, or their combination at intervals of 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. Clinical efficacy was assessed based on lesion resolution and recovery rate. Mange prevalence was 79%, with mild (70.9%), moderate (17.7%), and severe (11.4%) infestations showing statistically significant variation (p < 0.0001, ᵡ² = 47.5910; df = 2). Therapeutic response also varied significantly across treatment groups (p < 0.0001, F = 1.844). Psoroptes cuniculi was identified as the predominant mite species. By day 35, Eucalyptus oil exhibited superior acaricidal activity, leaving only alopecia, while Neem oil and its combination with Eucalyptus produced marked but slightly less rapid healing, with minimal residual crusting. Findings demonstrate a high prevalence of mange in the study area and highlight essential oils as cost-effective, eco-friendly alternatives for rabbit mange control.
Rabbit mange, Psoroptes cuniculi, Eucalyptus globulus, Azadirachta indica
Dynamism in Pro-inflammatory Cytokines and Hormonal Changes of Mice Induced Endometritis Treated with Aqeous Extract of Asphilia Africana
Reproduction is one of the key pillars of the production in many herds and individual animal in female animal, reproduction can be affected by uterine disease including metritis and endometritis. To this effect, this study investigated the effect of Asphilia africana on the treatment of endometritis. Thirty mice were randomly assigned into 5 groups: control group, infectious group, treatment A, treatment B, treatment C. After acclimatization, the 4 treatment were induced endometritis with the use of lipopolysaccharide. (LPS 0.114 b3e.coli) through the vulva. Asphilia africana were administered to the mice from the low dosage (0.01ml) medium dosage (0.03ml) and high dosage (0.05ml) for the treatment of endometritis. At the end of the induction, blood sample was collected randomly from the mice to analyse the inflammatory cytokines and hormonal change using specific Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit; data collected were analyze using analysis of the variance (ANOVA). Base on the finding of the study, it was concluded that the high dosage of Asphilia africana had great effect on induced endometritis of mice, hormonal changes and pro inflammatory cytokines and it could be recommended that the varying dosage of Asphilia africana could reduce the rate of reproductive hormone abnormalities and postpartum inflammation. Therefore could be used cautiously in therapeutic procedures.
Mice, endometritis, Asphilia africana, Hormones, and cytokine
Awareness of Antimicrobial Usage and Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) among Livestock Farmers in Katsina State, Nigeria
Awareness of antimicrobial usage and emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among livestock farmers is of paramount importance in overcoming the challenges of AMR in agriculture and public health. A survey was conducted among 100 livestock farmers in ten randomly selected Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Katsina State, Nigeria using a structured questionnaire to explore awareness of livestock farmers towards antimicrobial usage and Antimicrobial Resistance. Descriptive statistics were conducted to obtain frequencies and proportions of the outputs. A Mann-Whitney test was performed to get the difference in attitude of participants to antimicrobial use and AMR. Fifty-four (54%) of livestock farmers were shown to have poor knowledge of and 35 (35%) were shown to be misusers of antimicrobials and AMR. On the practices in the use of antimicrobial, the study revealed that, the most common antimicrobials used by the participants were oxytetracycline (59%), penicillin (10%), and gentamicin (2%). There was no significant association between participants’ level of knowledge, attitude and practices and the usage of Antimicrobials and AMR among livestock farmers in Katsina State (p= 0 .219). Therefore, in line with the recommendations of World Health Organization (WHO) for creating Awareness, and improving KAP of antimicrobials and AMR emergence, the results of the survey underpin the need for concerted efforts to overcome the threat of AMR through tailored programmes, research and policy direction
KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE OF HUNTERS AND CATTLE HERDERS TOWARDS RABIES IN JIGAWA STATE, NIGERIA
Rabies is a highly lethal virus that can affect both humans and warm-blooded animals. In Africa, dogs are the primary source of human rabies cases, with Nigeria being one of the endemic countries. An effective rabies prevention and control strategy relies on the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of dog owners regarding the disease. A study was conducted in Jigawa State, Nigeria, to assess the KAP of hunters and cattle herders to inform rabies prevention and control efforts. A cross-sectional study was conducted between July 2021 and November 2022, questionnaires were administered to 295 hunters and cattle herders to assess their KAP regarding rabies. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a Chi-square test at a significance level of P < 0.05. The results showed good knowledge and attitude but poor practice scores of the respondents, with scores of 67.5%, 56.3%, and 45.1%, respectively. The study also found a statistically significant association between the respondents' educational status, age, and occupation and their overall categorized KAP scores (P < 0.005). In conclusion, the KAP scores of the respondents regarding rabies were suboptimal, which poses a public health threat. Therefore, there is a need for routine awareness campaign to boost public knowledge of rabies in a society.
Molecular Survey of Brucella Species in Sheep and Goats Slaughtered at Sokoto Modern Abattoir, Sokoto State, Nigeria
Brucellosis is an important zoonotic disease affecting animals and humans. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of brucellosis in sheep and goats slaughtered at Sokoto metropolitan abattoir using serological assay and molecular detection technique. Serum samples from 131 sheep and 242 goats were analyzed. An overall prevalence of 10.72% (40/373) was recorded using PCR while none of the samples was positive by RBPT. The prevalence rates in sheep and goats were 12.2% (16/131) and 9.91% (24/242) respectively, while the sex prevalence rates were 16.47% and 4.54% for rams and ewes respectively. The prevalence based on breed were 15.18%, 11.11% and 0% for Ouda, Balami and Yankasa respectively. The sex prevalence for goats were 10.08% and 9.75% for bucks and does, while the breed prevalence rates were 50%, 33.3% and 9.28% for Sahelian, West African Dwarf and Red Sokoto goat respectively. A statistically significant association between Brucella infection and sex of sheep (p=0.037) was observed. However, there was no statistically significant association (p>0.05) between the infection and the small ruminant species, breeds and sex of goats. The study revealed presence of brucellosis in sheep and goats in the study area and the occupational hazards associated with the zoonotic disease.
Seroprevalence of Leptospirosis in Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Dogs in Abuja-FCT, Nigeria
Leptospirosis has been a major concern and threat to animals and humans globally despite the effort in vaccination. This study investigated seroprevalence of leptospirosis in vaccinated and unvaccinated dogs in FCT, Nigeria. Two hundred (200) dogs across three Area councils in Abuja, the Federal Capital territory (FCT) of Nigeria, were selected through simple random sampling between the year 2019 and 2020.Blood samples were collected during the wet and dry season from the dogs. Vaccination status, sex, age, seasonal variation and breed variation were used to establish the prevalence of Leptospirosis. Dogs with high antibody titre to Leptospira ELISA kit was tagged positive to Leptospirosis. The study conducted in Abuja, Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Nigeria, revealed an overall prevalence of leptospirosis in dogs at 98%. Among the dogs tested, the prevalence was slightly higher in vaccinated dogs (98.31%) compared to unvaccinated dogs (97.56%). Demographic and Seasonal Distribution revealed that the prevalence varied by sex, with male dogs showing a rate of 97.73% and female dogs at 98.53%. In terms of age, adult dogs had a prevalence of 98.08%, while puppies showed a slightly lower rate of 97.37%. Seasonal analysis indicated that the prevalence remained consistent at 98% during both wet and dry seasons. Breed-Specific Prevalence shows that breed-specific prevalence are as follows: Alsatian: 98.33%, Caucasian: 96.67%, Mongrel (indigenous breed),96.67%, Boerboel 96.67%, Rottweiler 93.75%, Lhassa Apso: 91.67%, Labrador 90%, Belgian Malinois 87.50%, Springer Spaniel 75%, This study found no significant associations between leptospirosis prevalence and the variables of vaccination status, sex, age, season, or breed (p > 0.05). This study concluded that there is high and uniform prevalence of leptospirosis among dogs in the FCT, regardless of vaccination status, underscores the need for improved public awareness and disease control measures. Additionally, further investigation into the reliability and efficacy of leptospirosis vaccines used in Nigeria is warranted to optimize prevention strategies and safeguard animal and human health.
Survey for the isolation of Escherichia coli and salmonella organisms from Japanese quail (coturnix cortonix japonica) raw eggs from selected farms in Sokoto metropolis, Sokoto State, Nigeria
This research work was conducted to survey and isolate Escherichia coli and Salmonella organisms from Japanese raw quail eggs from 10 selected farms within Sokoto metropolis. A total of 50 Japanese raw quail eggs were used for this study, 5 eggs from each of the selected farms. The eggs were collected and transported aseptically in sterile polythene bags to the Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto Department of Public health Laboratory for processing. The external surface of each egg sample was swabbed using sterile swab stick pre-enriched in peptone water and selenite F broth separately while the internal content was homogenized and pre-enriched in peptone water and selenite F broth separately incubated at 37oC for 24 hours. The culture was streaked on Mac Conkey agar separately and incubated at 37oC for 24 hours. Plates were then examined for the presence of small circular pale and pinkish colonies; suggestive of non-lactose fermenters and lactose fermenters respectively. Discrete colonies of pale and pinkish colonies were gram stained and observed under a light microscope for cellular characterization. Biochemical tests comprising of Triple sugar ion (TSI) test was conducted on each Salmonella isolate and Indole production on each E. coli isolate. From the samples processed, 21 of the isolates could be identified as E. coli base on their biochemical characteristics of which 11 were from egg external swab and 13 from egg content swab while 19 could be identified as salmonella base on their biochemical reactions, of which 8 were from egg external swab and 11 from egg content swab. Findings from this study shows that raw Japanese quail eggs from 9 farms out of the 10 selected farms within Sokoto metropolis sold to public for consumption were contaminated and this may be partly due to unhygienic practices within farms. To reduce the E. coli and salmonella contamination on quail eggs strategies should be employed which include hygienic maintenance of flock, implementation of hazard analysis for critical control point (HACCP) systems, and increased consumer education through media and public enlightenment. In advance consumption of raw and undercooked quail eggs should be avoided and washed adequately before use.
Effect of Raw Leucaena leucocephala Seeds Meal in the Diet of Broiler Chickens
One hundred and twenty Marshall Breed broiler chickens were used to investigate the effect of raw Leucaena leucocephala seeds meal in the diet of broiler chickens. The birds were randomly assigned to the four treatments /diets in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), each treatment made up of three replicates each with 10 birds per replicate. With the exception of treatment one (T1) which is the control, the other treatments T2, T3 and T4 contained incorporated milled raw Leucaena leucocephala seeds meal at 2.50%, 5.00% and 7.50% respectively. The result showed a significant difference (P<0.05) in the growth performance, cut-parts (expressed as % dressed weight) and in organ weights (expressed as % dressed weight). For haematological indices, the values were significantly different (P<0.05) for the parameters measured with the exception of hemoglobin (Hb). The values for the RBC, PCV, WBC and MCV, fell within the normal range of haematological indices for broiler chickens. For blood chemistry there were significant differences (P<0.05) for all the parameters measured. Values for total protein, albumin and urea for T2 (2.5%) inclusion fell within the normal range for broiler production. From the economics of diet, in view of the cost/kgweight gain, weight gain, revenue and gross margin, birds on T2 (2.5%) inclusion of raw Leucaena leucocephala seeds mealbased diets were most productive. In all, birds on 2.5% inclusion of raw Leucaena leucocephala seeds meal performed maximally or best than the rest. Hence soybean meal can be safely and most productively be replaced with 2.5% inclusion of raw Leucaena leucocephala seeds meal in the diet of broiler birds.
Effect of Different Processing Methods on the Nutrient, Anti-nutrient and Metabolizable Energy Composition of Raw Leucaena leucocephala Seed Meal
The effect of different processing methods on the nutrient and anti-nutrient composition of raw Leuceana leucocephala seeds meal was determined using proximate composition, gross energy, mineral composition and metabolizable energy as parameters. The samples were of raw, toasted, boiled and fermented Leuceana leucocephala seeds meal. The samples were sun-dried, milled and used for both chemical analysis as well as for metabolizable energy determination. The experiment was carried out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The result of the proximate analysis of the seeds meal showed that the crude protein (CP) values for the raw was significantly higher (P<0.05) than the others. The result of macro-minerals showed that the boiled seeds values for Sodium (Na), Calcium (Ca) Phosphorous (P) and Potassium (K) were significantly higher than others. The same sequence was observed in the values of the boiled Leuceana leucocephala for the micro-minerals of Zinc (Zn), Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu) and Manganese (Mn) which were significantly higher (P<0.05) than the raw, toasted and fermented samples. For the gross energy composition, the values of the raw were significantly higher (P<0.05) than all the other samples. The true metabolizable energy (TME) and the true metabolizable energy corrected to nitrogen equilibrium (TMEn) of the boiled samples were significantly higher (P<0.05) than the other samples. The anti-nutritional factors indicate that toasted Leuceana leucocephala seeds meal had the highest reduction followed by boiling. Conclusively, boiled Leuceana leucocephala seeds meal had the highest value for proximate composition, minerals (Macro and Micro), metabolizable energy (both TME and TMEn) gross energy and metabolizable energy thereby making boiling the best processing method.
Effect of Ethanol Bark Extract of Mahogany (Sweitenia macrophylla) on Viral Shedding in Cockerels Experimentally Infected with Newcastle Disease Virus Kudu 113 Strain
Newcastle disease (ND) is a viral disease that affects both domestic and wild birds. Despite routine vaccination, outbreaks are frequently reported in the field. Studies have indicated that traditional medicinal plants provide rich sources of antiviral agents. Effect of ethanol bark extract of Mahogany (Sweitenia macrophylla) on ND virus shedding in cockerels experimentally infected with NDV Kudu 113 velogenic strain was determined in this study. Phytochemical analysis revealed that the extract contained some antiviral components and LD50 determination indicated that it is safe for consumption at the highest dose given (5500mg/kg body weight). Day old commercial cockerels (150 in number) were obtained and divided into five groups namely; A, B, C, D and E. Group A served as negative control where the birds were given normal feed and water, group B (positive control) were given only the extract, group C were only challenged with velogenic NDV, group D were given the extract after challenge with the virus, and group E were given the extract before challenge. Haemagglutination assay was carried out before experimental infection in groups C, D and E to check antibody titer of NDV. Result revealed that all the groups had unprotective titers. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was carried out to quantify ND viral shedding. The result in copies/ml was highest in group C at day 3 followed by day 5 then day 7 and lowest at day 1. Group D was second in viral shedding; highest at day 3, followed by day 1, day 5 and lowest at day 7. Group E was the lowest in viral shedding where the viral shedding was highest at day 1, followed by day 3, then day 5 and lowest at day 7. Using repeated measure ANOVA within groups C, D and E, difference in viral shedding was statistically significant with P<0.05. It was concluded that ethanol bark extract of Mahogany (Sweitenia macrophylla) has the potential of reducing Newcastle disease viral shedding in chickens when administered as both prophylactic and treatment agent with lowest shedding when given as prophylaxis. It is recommended that ethanol bark extract of Mahogany (Sweitenia macrophylla) should be considered as an alternative to symptomatic therapy done in the management of Newcastle disease.
Growth Performance and Nutrient Digestibility of West African Dwarf Goat Fed Unsalable Pumpkin Leaves and Cassava Peels Concentrate
The study examined Growth Performance and Nutrient Digestibility of West African Dwarf Goats (WADG) Fed Unsalable Pumpkin Leaf Wastes (UPLW) and Cassava Peels Concentrate (CPC) Diets: WADG (n=45) weighing 4-6 kg at 4-5 months old were allotted randomly to five dietary treatments (9 goats each) in a completely randomized design for 12 weeks. Treatment one (UPLW 100%), while T2 (50%+50%), T3 (60%+40%), T4 (70%+30%), and T5 (80%+20%) UPLW+CPC respectively. Data collected: Initial Body Weight (IBW), Final Body Weight (FBW), Total Body Weight Gain (TBWG), Average Daily Weight Gain (ADWG), and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR). At study's end, rumen content was collected from 3 goats per treatment for pH, ammonia nitrogen, and Total Volatile Fatty Acids (TVFA) determination. Dietary treatments had significant (P<0.05) effects on FBW, TBWG, ADWG, butyric acid, and pH. Goats fed UPLW 70% and CPC 30% were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of T1-T5. FCR was significantly (P>0.05) lower in T4 (5.91) and T5 (5.89). Goats fed diet 4 exhibited the highest butyric acid (6.29) production and a pH (6.05). It can be concluded that a 70:30 UPLW to CPC ratio increased growth performance of WADG.
Productive Performance and Feed Cost Benefits of Broiler Chickens Fed with Unpeeled Yellow Cassava Root Meal
The productive performance and feed cost benefits of broiler chickens fed unpeeled yellow cassava root meal (UYCRM) was investigated in this experiment. One hundred and twenty unsexed day old Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments in a Completely Randomized Design with 0% (control), 25%, 50% and 75% inclusion levels of UYCRM designated as T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively. Each treatment was made up of 30 birds, divided into three replicates with ten birds per replicate. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum throughout the 8 weeks of the experiment. All growth parameters studied were significantly (P<0.05) affected by the dietary treatments. Birds fed control diet had higher final body weight (2798.81g), average daily weight gain (49.01g) and lower feed intake (38.02g) followed by those on 25% UYCRM diet. Birds on T1 also had a superior feed conversion ratio of 0.78 which was followed closely by birds on T2 (0.80). The cut parts (breast, back cut, thigh and wings) as well gizzard, crop and intestine weights differed significantly (P<0.05) among the treatments. Cost of feed decreased significantly (P<0.05) with the increasing level of UYCRM. The study showed that the UYCRM has considerable potential as components of broiler chickens diets in developing countries. It was therefore concluded that unpeeled yellow cassava root meal could be included at 25% (T2) in broiler chicken diet without any adverse effect on the performance or at 50% (T3) when the gross margin (gain) was considered.
Assessment of Goats Performance Fed Varying Levels of Chopped Palm Fronds Supplemented with Concentrate Diets
This study evaluated the performance of West African Dwarf (WAD) goats fed diets with varying levels of chopped palm fronds supplemented with a concentrate diet. The objectives were to analyze the proximate nutrient composition, evaluate feed intake, assess weight gain, and determine the feed conversion ratio (FCR) across different feeding regimens. Twenty goats with an initial body weight of 6.23-6.45 kg were assigned to five treatments in a completely randomized design: T1 (100% concentrate), T2 (20% palm frond + 80% concentrate), T3 (40% palm frond + 60% concentrate), T4 (60% palm frond + 40% concentrate), and T5 (80% palm frond + 20% concentrate), The concentrate diet consisted of 40% pullet droppings, 20.5% wheat offal, 23.5% palm kernel cake, 5% limestone, 1% salt, and 10% Alfa-Safe, was fed for 12 weeks. Results showed significant differences (p<0.05) in growth performance. Goats on T3 achieved the highest final body weight (9.35 kg), total body weight gain (3.25 kg), and average daily weight gain (0.05 kg), with the best FCR (5.91). Total feed intake did not differ significantly (p>0.05) across treatments, ranging from 26.17 to 28.51 kg. The findings suggest that a diet of 40% palm frond and 60% concentrate optimizes growth performance and feed efficiency in WAD goats, offering a balanced and cost-effective feeding strategy for goat production.
Seroprevalence of Brucella Abortus in Camels and Assessment of Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Camel Handlers on Brucellosis in Northern Senatorial District of Yobe State, Nigeria
Brucellosis is an important but often neglected zoonosis that results in serious economic losses in both livestock and human populations. In Nigeria, the prevalence of Brucella is increasing, particularly among camels. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Northern senatorial district of Yobe State, which includes Karasuwa, Machina, Nguru, and Yusufari, to determine the seroprevalence of Brucella abortus in camels and assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of camel handlers regarding brucellosis. A total of 250 blood (serum) samples were collected from camels of various sexes and ages using convenience sampling. The samples were tested using the Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT), Serum Agglutination Test (SAT), and Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). A Structured, close-ended questionnaire was also employed and administered to the camel handlers. Results showed that 106 samples (42.4%) were seropositive by RBPT, 56 (22.4%) by SAT, and 42 (16.8%) by ELISA. Notably, 40 out of 56 camels with SAT titers had clinically significant antibody levels (≥1:80), indicating infection. Prevalence was higher in females compared to males across all tests, with statistical significance (p < 0.05). Additionally, adult camels aged 7 years and above showed a higher prevalence than younger camels (<7 years) based on RBPT results (p < 0.05). However, no significant differences were found among locations within the study area (p > 0.05). Analysis of the structured questionnaire revealed that camel handlers lacked comprehensive knowledge about brucellosis and its zoonotic potential but were aware of the disease in other species like cattle and goats. They did not practice preventive measures such as quarantine and consumed unboiled milk without protective clothing while handling camels. The study established a seroprevalence of Brucella abortus antibodies in camels in Yobe State and highlighted the lack of knowledge among camel handlers regarding the disease and its risks. Recommendations include monitoring herds with positive camels, advising culling of positive reactors, conducting public awareness campaigns on brucellosis's public health significance, and instituting routine surveillance and control programs in the region.
External Parasites of Black Vulture (Gyps africanus)
The review was aimed at recording ectoparasites of African Black Vulture (Gyps africanus). The physical examination resulted in collection of several mites and ticks. High quality images of the mites and ticks were accustomed to capture its identification through the aid of three dimensional (3D) microscopy. Further confirmations of the mites and ticks taxonomy were achieved through mites and tick research site: (www.tickspotters.org). The nymphal stage of lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum) and mites (Estrilda astrild) were confirmed during the study. For endoparasites, a faecal sample was collected to spot eggs and larvae through the direct smear method. Coproscopy revealed a variety of Ascarid eggs, eggs of the Strongyle group and blood smear made for blood protozoa. Ectoparasite the nymphal stage of Lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum) and endoparasite Ascarid eggs and eggs of the Strongyle group found in direct smear but no protozoa was found in a blood smear.