Chronic Exposure to Indiscriminately Applied Insecticides: Neuro-Immuno-Genotoxic Injury and Carcinogenic Susceptibility across Human Populations

Abstract

This review examines the neurotoxic, immunotoxic, genotoxic, and carcinogenic effects of chronic exposure to insecticides, with a focus on the widespread indiscriminate use of insecticides in agricultural, urban, and residential settings. Insecticides, including organophosphates, pyrethroids, and carbamates, have been linked to a variety of adverse health outcomes, particularly among populations with prolonged exposure such as agricultural workers and communities living near sprayed areas. The neurotoxic effects of these chemicals disrupt neurotransmission, leading to cognitive impairments, neurodegenerative diseases, and developmental disorders. Additionally, insecticides compromise immune responses, impairing immune cell function and increasing susceptibility to infections and autoimmune diseases through oxidative stress and inflammation. Furthermore, chronic exposure to insecticides induces DNA damage and chromosomal instability, contributing to the genotoxic effects that raise the risk of cancer. These injuries are often linked to alterations in tumor suppressor genes like TP53, which increase cancer susceptibility, particularly leukemia, lymphoma, and prostate cancer. Epidemiological studies support these findings, underscoring the need for effective regulations to mitigate these health risks. The review emphasizes the urgent need for sustainable pest control alternatives, such as Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and biopesticides, as well as global policy improvements and enhanced public health initiatives to protect vulnerable populations from the harmful effects of chronic insecticide exposure.