Direct Research Journal of Biology and Biotechnology
Direct Research Journal of Biology and Biotechnology (DRJBB) ISSN: 2734-2158 provides rapid publication monthly of articles in all areas of Biology and Biotechnology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published shortly after acceptance. All articles published in DRJBB are peer-reviewed. Manuscripts are being published monthly by Direct Research Journals Publisher via our website https://directresearchpublisher.org/drjbb/ Submit your manuscript using the submission link Submit Manuscript ARTICLE PROCESSING COST = 655USD FOR AUTHOR OTHER COUNTRIES OR 75000 NAIRA FOR NIGERIA. AUTHORS CAN APPLY FOR PARTIAL WAIVER TO THE JOURNAL EDITORIAL AT editorialoffice@directresearchpublisher.org
Water Quality Responses of Pureline Parental Crosses of Three African Catfish Species in Controlled Hatchery Systems
The physicochemical water quality responses of pond systems stocked with pureline progenies of three African catfish species: Clarias gariepinus, Heterobranchus bidorsalis, and Heterobranchus longifilis was studied. The study, which used a perfectly randomized design with three replicates per treatment, aimed to investigate environmental tolerances and water-use dynamics among pureline crosses. Pureline progenies were grown in concrete hatchery tanks measuring 10 m × 10 m × 1.5 m for 120 days. Water quality indicators such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), alkalinity, turbidity, ammonia, phosphate, and biological oxygen demand (BOD) were measured using standardized procedures. The findings revealed that water temperature, turbidity, ammonia, phosphate, and BOD did not differ significantly (P>0.05) between treatments, indicating that these parameters are tolerated similarly among species. Significant differences (P<0.05) were seen in pH and DO levels, with H. longifilis crosses showing the greatest pH (8.90 ± 0.02) and DO (9.80 ± 0.02 mg/L), while C. gariepinus crosses showed the lowest values. Despite the differences, all measured metrics were within safe aquaculture limits. These data indicate that, while all three pureline catfish species can be cultivated under identical environmental circumstances, H. longifilis may have better physiological performance in terms of oxygen usage and pH tolerance. This research provides crucial baseline data for optimizing broodstock management and guiding species selection for site-specific aquaculture, particularly in systems where water quality control is a productivity constraint.
Assessment of Agrochemical Usage, Health Risk Awareness, and Occupational Exposure Outcomes among Smallholder Farmers in Osara, Kogi State, Nigeria
Agrochemical use has become an essential component of modern smallholder farming systems in Nigeria; however, inadequate knowledge and unsafe handling practices continue to pose serious occupational health and environmental risks. This study assessed farmers’ socio-demographic characteristics, agrochemical usage patterns, awareness of associated health and environmental risks, sources of safety information, and reported health outcomes. A cross-sectional survey design was adopted, and data were collected from 60 farmers using a structured questionnaire covering socio-demographic variables, frequency and type of agrochemical use, risk awareness, information sources, and self-reported health effects. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. Results showed that the majority of respondents were male (80.0%) and within the age range of 25–44 years (60.0%), while most had primary or secondary education (63.3%) and operated farms between 1–3 hectares (53.3%) Agrochemical use was widespread, with chemical fertilizers being the most frequently applied input (66.7% weekly), followed by insecticides (40.0% weekly) and herbicides (36.7% weekly). Awareness levels varied, with higher knowledge of acute toxicity (66.7%) compared to chronic health effects (40.0%). The predominant sources of agrochemical information were fellow farmers (60.0%) and agrochemical vendors (46.7%), while extension services and formal training were less utilized (26.7% and 16.7%, respectively). Reported health outcomes included skin irritation/rashes (53.3%), gastrointestinal problems (33.3%), respiratory symptoms (30.0%), and chronic conditions (10.0%). The study concludes that despite widespread agrochemical use, farmers exhibit significant gaps in risk awareness and rely heavily on informal information sources, contributing to reported health complaints. Strengthening agricultural extension services, promoting structured safety training, and improving access to protective equipment are recommended to reduce occupational exposure and enhance sustainable agricultural productivity.
Agrochemicals, farmers, occupational health, pesticide exposure, Nigeria, safety awareness
Phytochemical Profiling of Aqueous Extracts of Medicinal Plants and their Activities against Multi-resistant Bacteria
Acintobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae are among the most critical pathogens gaining attention. These microorganisms continue to develop resistance thereby leading to various nosocomial infections which are difficult to treat. This study determined the resistance pattern of A. baumannii and K. pneumoniae and evaluates the activities of bio-molecules from selected plants against these clinical isolates. Fifty samples of A. baumannii and K. pneumoniae, which were isolated from different clinical samples were collected from different hospitals at Ogbomoso and then confirmed by their biochemical features to ascertain their identity. The antibacterial susceptibility pattern was determined by Kirky-Bauer disk diffusion method and the results were compared with the CLSI standard. Exactly, 500µL (0.5mL) of aqueous crude extract was used to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy on bacterial isolates by agar well diffusion method while gentamicin (10μg) was used as control. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of the bio-molecules in selected plant extracts was performed using standard methods and bioactive constituents were analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy analysis. Forty-two (42) (84%) from the total of 50 bacterial isolates collected were confirmed to belong to Acinetobacter and Klebsiella genera. Total resistance (100%) was observed with Ampiclox (ACX) and cefuroxime (CXM) while ceftazidime (CAZ) showed 92% resistance to antibiotics used. Gentamicin (GEN) and nitrofurantoin (NIT) were found to be an effective antimicrobial agent with 72% susceptibility each. A. baumannii (UITH 8, UITH13 and UITH15) showed highest resistance each with 84.6% resistance to all antibiotic used, while K. pneumoniae (UITH2) showed 100% resistance. HCE and CCE were found to consistently show the strongest efficacy in a range of 4–10mm. K. pneumoniae, K. oxytoca and A. baumannii exhibited high inhibition zones up to 10mm with HCE and CCE. The aqueous hot and cold clove extracts were found to possess all metabolites at varying degree, with the exception of quinones which was absent in all samples. This study supports the potential role of medicinal plants as promising alternatives source of antimicrobials. It is recommended that the bioactive compounds present in the plant extracts should be purified and studied for their antimicrobial actions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Direct Research Journal of Biology and Biotechnology
Isolation and Characterization of Microorganisms Found in Dumpsite Soils in Federal University Oye-Ekiti (Oye-Campus), Ekiti State, Nigeria
The increasing volume of unmanaged solid waste poses significant environmental and public health challenges, particularly within university environments. This study investigated the isolation and characterization of microorganisms present in dumpsite soils at the Federal University Oye-Ekiti (Oye Campus), Ekiti State, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from residential halls, academic areas, and a control site, followed by physicochemical and microbiological analyses. Physicochemical parameters revealed higher values in dumpsite soils compared to the control, including electrical conductivity (0.0590 ± 0.0014 µS/cm), moisture content (0.0550 ± 0.0014%), and organic matter (1.8510 ± 0.0042%) in residential areas, while the control recorded 0.0215 ± 0.0021 µS/cm, 0.0280 ± 0.0014%, and 1.5835 ± 0.0050%, respectively. Soil pH ranged from 7.90 ± 0.02 to 8.18 ± 0.01, indicating a neutral to slightly alkaline environment favorable for microbial proliferation. Microbial analysis showed high bacterial and fungal loads, with bacterial counts reaching 1.4 × 10⁷ CFU/g in academic areas and fungal counts peaking at 8.5 × 10⁶ CFU/g in residential dumpsites. Identified bacterial isolates included Bacillus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas spp., while fungal isolates comprised Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp., and Rhizopus spp. These findings indicate the presence of diverse and metabolically active microbial communities adapted to waste-rich environments. The results demonstrate that dumpsite soils within the study area support abundant and diverse microorganisms, influenced by favorable physicochemical conditions. This study provides baseline data essential for environmental monitoring and highlights potential public health risks associated with improper waste disposal, while supporting the development of sustainable waste management strategies.
Isolation And Identification of Fungi Associated with Dried Fruits of Ziziphus Spina-Christi (L.) Willd, In Dutse Jigawa State, Nigeria
This research was carried out on the isolation and identification of fungi associated with the dried fruits of Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Willd (Christ’s thorn). Sample fruits were collected from ten (10) mother trees in Dutse, and air dried for eight (8) weeks. The Pulps were extracted from the fruits with the aid of pestle and mortar; one (1g) of the pulp was placed in a beaker containing nine of (9mls) distilled water. The sample solution was serially diluted in this manner 101 102 ---106 in order to reduce fungal load in the sample. A drop of the serially diluted solution was placed on the prepared potato dextrose agar media under sterilized environment and incubated at (370C) for 48 hours. The pure/axemic culture were obtained by several transfer of colony growth from PDA plates aseptically i.e. (Sub-culturing until axemic culture were obtained). Identification was done macroscopically and microscopically. Result shows that Rhizopus spp are found to have the highest percentage 8.2 (64%) of occurrence which makes it the most dominant while Aspergillus Spp, have 3.2 (25%) percentage of occurrence thus Fusarium spp had 1.4 (11%) percentage of occurrence. Therefore., it is concluded that Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Rhizopus are associated with the dried fruits of Ziziphus spina-christi (Christ’s thorn). Aspergillus species are associated with food spoilage and can significantly impede the quality and safety of the fruits. Therefore, improved Post-Harvest Handling in form of better drying and storage practices, routine fungal contamination assessments using molecular and microscopic techniques, more so, further research should be encouraged on inhibiting mycotoxin-production capabilities of isolated fungi.
Economic Analysis of Traditional Cassava Processing and Market Performance in Udi Local Government Area of Enugu State, Southeast Nigeria.
This study conducted economic analysis of traditional cassava processing and market performance in Udi local government area of Enugu State, Southeast Nigeria. The study used multi-Stage sampling technique to select 60 cassava processors. Primary data were collected using self-administered structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics, marketing efficiency and multiple regression analysis. The results showed that the average years of cassava processing experience was 16.67 years in the study area. Also, years of processing experience was positive and significantly related to income at P> 0.05. The results suggest that processors with more years of processing experience are more likely to earn more profit in the enterprise. The results further showed that the higher marketing efficiency for the Abacha cassava processing of 245.9% was recorded in Obiagu market in the study area. Furthermore, the major constraints militating against cassava processing include poor road network, poor storage and poor infrastructural facilities in the study area. The study recommends that adequate infrastructure particularly storage facilities and good road network should be provided to encourage more involvement in the processing enterprise in the study area.
The Microbiology of Bacterial Vaginosis: A Systematic Review
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common vaginal infection with high occurrence in women of child-bearing age. The infection was first described by Gardner and Dukes in 1955 that is now referred to as BV. The normal healthy vagina is populated mainly by hydrogen-peroxide-producing lactobacilli that inhibit the growth of other vaginal flora. BV is characterized by a loss of these protective lactobacilli, an increase in vaginal pH to >4.5, and the proliferation of a variety of anaerobic species. Electronic databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched for observational studies such as case series, cross-sectional and cohort studies, using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guide. Data extracted included (i) patient demography (age), (ii) marital status, (iii) vaginal discharge and lower abdominal pain (iv) vaginal douching (v) use of contraceptive devices. Higher prevalence of BV is seen among women who have sex with women (WSW). In Nigeria, a prevalence rate of 17%, 17.3%, 19.0% and 25% have been reported from separate studies done in the south-east, north-east, north-west and south-west Nigeria respectively. The epidemiology of BV robustly implies that it is acquired through sexual transmission. This article has reviewed that BV is a public health infection because of the impact it has on the health, social, sexual, emotional and economic status of females, there is need for public awareness on health educational programs through different media on the impact of BV. Routine screening of especially high risk groups; (such as women of reproductive age group, women who practice vaginal douching, pregnant women, women in high institutions of learning) is recommended to avoid complications such as; (preterm birth (premature birth, low birth weight or miscarriage), sexually transmitted diseases, risk of infection following gynecological surgery, and pelvic inflammatory disease,) that could result from infections from bacterial vaginosis. The golden method for screening is by Gram's Method to stain vaginal smear. The method is simple and easy without invasion. It is cheap, sensitive, and specific.
Bacterial vaginosis, Epidemiology, Gardnerella vaginalis, vaginal dysbiosis, vaginal microbiota
Molecular Identification and Integrated Management of Fungal Pathogens Affecting Maize: Recent advances and Future Perspectives
Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important cereal crops globally, serving as a major source of food, animal feed, and industrial raw materials. However, maize productivity is significantly threatened by fungal pathogens that cause diseases such as ear rot, stalk rot, leaf blight, gray leaf spot, and smut. Major pathogens responsible for these diseases include Fusarium species, Exserohilum turcicum, Bipolaris maydis, Cercospora zeina, and Ustilago maydis. These pathogens not only reduce crop yield and grain quality but also produce harmful mycotoxins that pose serious health risks to humans and livestock. Accurate identification and effective management of these fungal pathogens are therefore essential for ensuring sustainable maize production and global food security. Recent advances in molecular biology have significantly improved the detection and identification of maize fungal pathogens. Techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), quantitative PCR (qPCR), next-generation sequencing (NGS), multilocus sequence typing (MLST), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), and CRISPR-based diagnostics enable rapid, precise, and sensitive pathogen detection. These molecular approaches help distinguish closely related fungal species and facilitate early disease diagnosis and epidemiological monitoring. Alongside improved diagnostics, integrated disease management strategies have been developed to control fungal diseases in maize. These strategies combine cultural practices, resistant maize varieties developed through marker-assisted breeding, biological control using beneficial microorganisms, and targeted fungicide application. Emerging technologies such as RNA-based gene silencing, genomic selection, microbiome engineering, and high-throughput phenotyping also offer promising tools for sustainable disease control. Integrating molecular diagnostics with these management strategies will be crucial for mitigating fungal diseases and improving maize productivity in the future.
Molecular diagnostics, fungal pathogens, integrated disease management, Maize diseases
Food Habits of the Helmeted Guineafowl (Numida meleagris Linnaeus, 1758) in the Derived Savanna of Ofaji, Kogi State, Nigeria
Maximizing the ecological, nutritional and economic benefits of Helmeted Guineafowl hinges greatly on general conservation and improved domestication of the species. Since the bird is not migratory, its survival or fitness is based on the resilience in adapting to any given environment. So, understanding the site-specific requirements of the bird is fundamentally essential. Information on the natural food habits of the bird in Ofaji vegetation is not available. Thus, the objectives of this study were to identify plant and animal diets of N. meleagris and to deduce its food preferences on the bases of sex, age and periods of the year. Ofaji is located on Latitude 7.61º 87′45″ North of the equator, and longitude 6.98º 50′91″ East of the Greenwich meridian. The study was based on the hypotheses that there are no significant differences in the food habits of the bird on the bases of age, sex and seasons respectively. Collection of the bird commenced on January 5, 2022 using instant kill by local gunshot. 35 birds were collected during the off-farming period, while 32 birds were collected during the farming period. Food items recovered from the gut of the bird included earthworm, 17 different arthropods and assorted parts of 24 plant species as tabulated. Percentage frequency was used to deduce food preference, while independent samples t-test (P < 0.05) was used to determine differences in the food habits of the bird on the bases of sex, age and seasons. It was found that N. meleagris has euryphagic food habits, feeding on both wild and cultivated plants along with arthropods and other small organisms. Consumption of animal food items was significantly higher in immature birds than in matured birds (t = 2.293, p = 0.028). Helmeted Guineafowl farmers should feed their birds with the identified natural food items.
Food habits, Helmeted Guineafowl, Derived savanna, euryphagic, Nigeria
Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Fungal Disease Incidence, Severity, and Prevalence in maize across Dry and Wet Seasons in the Hadejia Agroecological Zone, Nigeria
Maize (Zea mays L.) is a key staple crop in sub-Saharan Africa, yet its productivity is frequently constrained by fungal diseases that affect plant health, grain yield, and quality. Understanding the spatial and seasonal dynamics of these diseases is essential for developing effective management strategies in maize-based farming systems. This study investigated the spatiotemporal dynamics of fungal disease incidence, severity, and prevalence in maize farms across five maize-producing villages Ganuwar Kuka, Gatafa, Gudunchin, Jiyan, and Turabu in the Hadejia agroecological zone of Jigawa State, Nigeria. Field surveys were conducted during the dry and wet seasons of 2022 and 2023 using a repeated cross-seasonal survey approach. Disease incidence, severity, and prevalence were assessed through field observations of symptomatic plants and analyzed using analysis of variance with mean separation by the Least Significant Difference test at the 5% probability level. The results showed significant variation in disease parameters across locations and seasons. In 2022, fungal disease incidence ranged from 26.3% in Gatafa to 46.9% in Turabu during the dry season, while wet-season incidence ranged from 23.3% in Jiyan to 40.0% in Ganuwar Kuka. In 2023, incidence values increased, reaching 48.7% in Jiyan and 47.4% in Gatafa during the wet season. Disease severity followed similar patterns, with maximum severity values of 48.7% recorded in Jiyan (2022 wet season) and 44.4% in Turabu (2023 dry season). Disease prevalence also varied significantly, ranging from 13.1% to 47.7% across seasons and locations. These findings demonstrate pronounced spatial and seasonal variability in maize fungal diseases in the Hadejia area and highlight the need for location-specific and season-sensitive disease management strategies to enhance sustainable maize production.
Maize fungal diseases, disease incidence, spatiotemporal disease severity, Sudan
Phytochemical Profiling and Therapeutic Potency of Jatropha curcas Linnaeus Seed Oil against Salmonella typhii Isolates in Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria
This study evaluated the phytochemical composition, physicochemical properties, and antibacterial activity of Jatropha curcas seed oil against Salmonella typhii isolates obtained from clinical samples in Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria. Seed oil extraction was performed using Soxhlet and cold maceration methods, followed by qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses. The presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, terpenoids, and saponins was confirmed, with total phenolic and flavonoid contents measured at 24.60 mg GAE/100 g and 16.30 mg QE/100 g, respectively. Physicochemical assessment indicated favorable parameters (acid value 2.30 mg KOH/g, peroxide value 4.50 meq O₂/kg, and iodine value 102.00 g I₂/100 g), signifying oil stability and purity. Antibacterial assays demonstrated a concentration-dependent inhibition of S. typhii, with the highest activity recorded in methanolic extract (21.60 mm at 100 mg/mL). Minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (12.50 mg/mL and 25.00 mg/mL, respectively) confirmed a bactericidal effect. Findings suggest J. curcas seed oil as a potential natural therapeutic agent for typhoid management, particularly amid growing antibiotic resistance in Nigeria.
Jatropha curcas seed oil, phytochemical profiling, Salmonella typhii, Antibacterial activity
Isolation and Identification of oil Degrading Bacteria from Izom NNPC Sub-station Niger State
This study was carried out to isolate and identify oil degrading bacteria from NNPC sub-station situated at Izom. Oil contaminated soil samples was taken from three (3) different spots in Izom NNPC sub- depot and labeled S1, S2, and S3, while soil sample (control) of same mass was collected from unpolluted soil at the same station. The soil samples were analyzed using standard method. The bacterial species isolated were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Neisseria species, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus species, Streptococcus species, and Klebsiella species. From, the data obtained, three isolates namely Pseudomonas species, Bacillus species and Micrococcus species showed excellent degradation activity while other species studied showed moderate and low degradation activity and hence could be exploited in bioremediation activities. The study recommended amongst others that conservationist and environmentalist should adopt the use of bacteria in addressing pollution caused by oil spillage.
Bacterial Contamination and some Heavy Metal Accumulation in Fresh and Smoked Clarias Gariepinus and Heterotis Niloticus in Hadejah Fish Market, Jigawa State, Nigeria
Fish is a vital source of protein in Nigeria, but contamination with bacteria and heavy metals poses public health risks. This study evaluated bacterial load and selected heavy-metal concentrations (Pb, Cd, Cr, and Ni) in fresh and smoked Clarias gariepinus and Heterotis niloticus from Hadejia Fish Market, Jigawa State. Thirty-six fish samples (500 g–1.5 kg) were collected, preserved with nitric acid, and analyzed in the laboratory. Bacterial load was determined using serial dilution, plating on selective media (Nutrient, MacConkey, Mannitol Salt, and Salmonella Shigella Agar), Gram staining, and biochemical tests. Heavy metals in gills, liver, and smoked tissues were quantified using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry after acid digestion. Results showed diverse bacterial contamination, mainly Staphylococcus spp., Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp., and Bacillus spp. Total bacterial counts in fresh fish ranged from 3.2 × 10⁵ to 7.8 × 10⁵ cfu/g, exceeding safe limits, while smoked fish had lower counts (1.1 × 10⁴–2.5 × 10⁴ cfu/g). Heavy-metal concentrations were Pb: 0.12–0.48 mg/kg, Cd: 0.03–0.15 mg/kg, Cr: 0.10–0.32 mg/kg, and Ni: 0.08–0.26 mg/kg. Smoked fish generally had higher metal levels due to moisture loss and deposition from smoke. Cd exceeded WHO/FAO limits in several samples. The study concludes that H. niloticus and C. gariepinus sold in Hadejia are contaminated with bacteria and heavy metals. Traditional smoking reduces microbial load but may concentrate metals. Recommendations include improved hygiene, adoption of modern smoking technologies, regular monitoring by food-safety authorities, proper waste management, and consumer education on safe fish handling and cooking.
Copyright (c) 2025 Direct Research Journal of Biology and Biotechnology
Production of Bioethanol from Fruit Peels using Yeast Fermentation
The escalating generation of fruit waste presents both environmental and socio-economic challenges, particularly in developing countries like Nigeria, where improper disposal contributes to pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Simultaneously, the rising demand for renewable energy has heightened interest in bioethanol as a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. This study investigated the bioethanol production potential of mango (Mangifera indica), lemon (Citrus limon), and plantain (Musa paradisiaca) peels using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as the fermenting organism. Biochemical analysis revealed significant variability in substrate composition: mango peel exhibited the highest total sugar content (55.5%), followed by plantain (45.2%) and lemon (38.0%), while lemon peel contained the highest fibrous content and lowest pH, suggesting potential fermentation inhibitors. Correspondingly, mango peel produced the highest ethanol yield (12.5 mL/100 g; 5.8% v/v), outperforming plantain (10.2 mL/100 g) and lemon (7.1 mL/100 g). Fermentation efficiency mirrored these trends, with S. cerevisiae achieving 88.5% and 88.2% efficiency on mango and plantain peels, respectively, but only 72.2% on lemon peel. Kinetic analysis further demonstrated that mango peel reached maximum ethanol production in 72 hours, 25–40% faster than plantain and lemon peels, accompanied by the highest CO₂ production rate (15.2 mL/h), and indicating vigorous yeast metabolism. The study highlights the critical influence of substrate composition, inhibitory compounds, and fermentable sugar availability on bioethanol yield and fermentation dynamics. Mango peel emerges as the most promising feedstock for sustainable bioethanol production from fruit waste, with plantain as a viable alternative, while lemon peel requires pretreatment to mitigate inhibitory effects. These findings underscore the potential of valorizing fruit residues for renewable energy, contributing to environmental sustainability and the circular bioeconomy
Bioaccumulation and Human Health Risk Assessment of Multi-Metal Pollution in Selected Fishes from River Niger in Lokoja, Kogi State, Nigeria
River Niger in Lokoja is a major freshwater resource supporting fisheries and domestic use, yet increasing anthropogenic pressures raise concerns about heavy-metal contamination. This study aimed to assess multi-metal pollution, bioaccumulation, and human health risks associated with consuming three commonly eaten fish species from River Niger. Water, sediment, and biological samples of Clarias gariepinus, Tilapia zilli, and Alestes baremoze were systematically collected during the dry season and analyzed for Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Ni, Cu, and Zn using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (FAAS) and hydride generation–atomic absorption spectrophotometry (HG–AAS). Data were evaluated with ANOVA and Tukey HSD at p < 0.05. Results showed that all water metals exceeded WHO/FAO (2017) limits, while sediments exhibited high enrichment of Zn, Pb, Cu, and Cr. Heavy-metal concentrations were highest in C. gariepinus, followed by T. zilli and A. baremoze, with Zn showing the strongest bioaccumulation. Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) values were consistently higher in children, and several Target Hazard Quotients (THQ) exceeded 1, resulting in Hazard Index (HI) values > 1 for all species, indicating potential non-carcinogenic health risks. This study has shown that consumption of fish from the River Niger may pose long-term health concerns, especially for children. Strengthened pollution control, routine environmental monitoring, and community-based risk-reduction strategies are recommended.
Prospect on Renewable Energy and Comparative Analysis of Bioethanol Produced from Orange, Banana and Watermelon by Co-culture of Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Excessive dependence on non-renewable energy sources has contributed to global environmental degradation and rising public health concerns, highlighting the urgent need for sustainable alternatives such as bioethanol. Fruit processing wastes like banana, orange, and watermelon peels are often discarded despite their rich carbohydrate content, making them promising substrates for renewable biofuel production. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of banana, orange, and watermelon peels as low-cost substrates for bioethanol production using locally sourced Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and to compare their ethanol yields under co-culture fermentation. A. niger was isolated from humus-rich soil at the Abubakar Tatari Ali Polytechnic botanical garden, while S. cerevisiae was isolated from the indigenous fermented beverage “Burukutu”. Identification was based on cultural, morphological, and biochemical characteristics, followed by screening for enzymatic and fermentative capabilities. Substrates underwent proximate analysis and acid hydrolysis, after which co-culture fermentation (pH 5.5, 8 g substrate, 30°C, 5 days) was conducted. Ethanol levels were monitored across fermentation days. A. niger exhibited strong α-amylase activity with a 47 mm clear zone on starch agar, while S. cerevisiae demonstrated typical budding morphology, thermotolerance up to 40°C, and ethanol tolerance up to 12%. Watermelon peel had the highest carbohydrate content (50.55%), banana peel contained high lipid (24.32%) and fiber (15.30%), and orange peel showed high moisture (42.02%). Ethanol yields peaked on day four at 12.46% (banana), 11.60% (watermelon), and 8.90% (orange), followed by a decline due to substrate depletion and ethanol inhibition. Locally sourced microbial strains and fruit peel wastes are viable resources for bioethanol production, demonstrating strong potential for renewable energy generation and environmentally friendly waste management. This study provides evidence that indigenous microbial strains and readily available fruit wastes can be integrated into sustainable bioethanol production systems. It further establishes the effectiveness of co-culture fermentation and enzymatic hydrolysis in enhancing ethanol yield, supporting circular bioeconomy strategies and low-cost biofuel innovations in developing nations.
Biofuel, Aspergillus niger, Burukutu, Amylase, Sustainable, Fermentation
Isolation and Identification of Fungi Associated with Dried Fruits of Detarium microcarpum Guill. & Perr. Fruits
This study aimed at isolated and identified fungi associated with the dry fruits of Detorium microcarpum which fresh fruits were collected and dried at room temperature in Dutse Local Government of Jigawa State. The fruits of Detarium microcarpum were surface sterilized with cotton wool soaked in 70% alcohol. The pulps of the sample fruits were extracted with the help of pestle and mortar, one (1g) gram of the pulp was introduced into a beaker containing nine miles (9ml) of distilled water. A drop of the serially diluted solution was then plated on solidified Potato Dextrose Agar plates (90mm diameter) aseptically. Inoculated plates were incubated at 28±300C for 7days. A small portion of the aerial mycelia from the representative culture was picked using a sterile inoculating needle and inoculated on a slide for 24-48 hours, after which it was viewed under the light microscope to detect spore, hyphae and other special structures. The results shows that Rhizopus stolonifer, Apergillus niger Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium moniliforme were found to be associated with the dry fruits of Detarium microcarpum with frequencies of occurrence of 42%, 32%, 10% and 16% respectively. The disease-causing potential of this two isolates Aspergillus niger Fusarium moniliforme, seems to be very serious in human as Aspergillus niger have been responsible for causing Pneumonia and several bronchial diseases while Fusarium moniliforme has champion the production different kinds of toxin that may have health implication to human and other animals. It is therefore recommended that, there is the need for proper storage of Detarium microcarpum fruits so as to preserve its nutritive value. Educational activities should be organized to local communities on the best practices of preserving the fruits of Non Timber Forest Product.
Detorium microcarpum, dry fruits, Fungi and Jigawa state
Evaluation of Antimalarial Efficacy and Safety of Boswellia dalzielii Leaf Extract in Plasmodium berghei (NK-65)-Infected Mice
Due to the malaria parasite's resistance to drugs, the use of medicinal plants in malaria treatment in Africa remains the most alternative option. The plant ‘Boswellia dalzielii’ was reported with antimalarial potential. However, little is known about the antimalarial properties of its root leaf. The study aimed to assess antimalarial effectiveness and safety of Boswellia dalzielli leaf extract in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei (NK-65). Fresh Boswellia dalzielii leaves were washed, air-dried, powdered, and macerated in distilled water for 48 hours. The concentrated butanol extract was used for phytochemical screening, toxicity testing, and in vivo antimalarial evaluation. Eighteen Swiss albino mice were divided into six groups of 3 rats each: P. berghei-infected treated with a standard drug, P. berghei-infected untreated, P. berghei-infected treated with 100 mg/kg extract, P. berghei-infected treated with 200 mg/kg extract, P. berghei-infected treated with 400 mg/kg extract, and uninfected untreated control. Parasitemia, packed cell volume, and mean survival time were measured to assess antimalarial activity. The phytochemical study revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponin, balsam, carbohydrates, and phenol. Acute toxicity testing confirmed the extract's safety. In vivo investigations showed a significant increase in mice weight, decrease in parasite levels, and restoration of PCV in a dose-dependent manner. Boswellia dalzielii extract at 400 mg/kg increased the average survival time to 18 days surpassing the standard drug's 17 days’ duration and showing an antimalarial effect comparable to the standard drug (chloroquine phosphate 25 mg/kg). The study found that Boswellia dalzielii leaf extract is safe and contains chemicals with antimalarial activity.
Antiplasmodial, Boswellia dalzielii, Plasmodium berghei, Phytochemicals, Leaf extract
Evaluation of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in a Farmland in Abuja, Nigeria
This study conducted an extensive assessment of organochlorine pesticide residues in a farmland located in Abuja, Nigeria. Employing Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, the concentrations of these pesticide residues were determined in soil samples. The recovered residues include Alpha Lindane, Beta Lindane, Heptachlor, Aldrin, DDT and Endrin Aldehyde. The study unveiled notable fluctuations in pesticide concentrations across the sampling period. In May, the highest concentrations were observed for Endrin Aldehyde (45.932 mg/kg) while the lowest concentration was recorded for Aldrin (0.33 mg/kg) in January. These findings bear ecological and health implications, potentially impacting biodiversity, human health and soil physicochemical properties. Furthermore, it is noteworthy that the concentrations of pesticide residues in the study surpassed the maximum residue limits (MRLs). This research provides crucial insights into the presence and levels of organochlorine pesticide residues in Abuja's agricultural soils, emphasizing the urgent need for robust pesticide management and control measures within the region.
Phytochemical Analysis of Diospyros Mespiliformis (African Ebony) Leaves and Bark
As an antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory agent, Diospyros mespiliformis, a member of the Ebeneceae family, is utilized in traditional medicine. This study attempts to search for phytochemicals in Diospyros mespiliformis's leaves and bark. Methanol was used to extract the crushed sample. Alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, cardiac glycosides, phenolic compounds, coumarin, and carbohydrates were detected in the extracts of both the leaves and the the bark during an initial phytochemical screening; however, anthraquinone and terpenoids were not detected in the plant's leaves and bark respectively. The elemental analysis was also conducted on the plant where some trace elements were determined.
Consumer Preferences for Quality Attributes of Pest Resistant Genetically Modified Cowpea in Northern Nigeria
This study elicited consumer preferences for the quality attributes of pest resistant genetically modified cowpea in Kaduna and Sokoto states, Northern Nigeria. Using choice-based sampling technique, a total of 208 respondents were randomly selected as sample size for the study. Choice data collected were analyzed using conditional logit and mixed logit discrete choice models. The models were estimated using maximum likelihood estimation procedure. The pooled conditional logit results revealed that the coefficient for cowpea large grain size (0.464) relative to small grain size was positive and statistically significant at 5% level both in the study areas, meaning that in general consumers preferred cowpea large grain size than small sized cowpea grains in the study area. The results also indicated that consumers placed a relatively high level of importance on safety attribute of Bt cowpea in the study area. The pooled results from mixed logit revealed that the coefficient of cowpea large grain size was positive, normally distributed and statistically significant at 5% level with an estimated mean of 0.742 and estimated standard deviation of 1.457. This implies that two third of the consumers had positive preference while one third had negative preference for cowpea large grain size. The coefficient of safety attribute was positive and statistically significant at 5% level with an estimated mean of 4.625 and estimated standard deviation of 2.608 in the study area. The study concluded that consumers significantly preferred safer cowpea varieties, and cowpea large grain size attributes in the study area. Finally, the coefficient of insect damage was also normally distributed with an estimated mean of -0.464 and estimated standard deviation of -1.208, indicating that 36 percent of the distribution was above zero and 64 percent below. This means that 36 percent of consumers preferred cowpea with insect damage, while 64 percent avoided cowpea with insect damage. The study also concluded consumers significantly discounted cowpea with insect damage in the study area. It is recommended that research should ensure to modify and protect the new Bt cowpea from insect damage. Furthermore, there is need for crop breeders to keep improve cowpea large grain size when introducing new varieties of Bt cowpea in the study area.
Nutritional Comparison of Transgenic and Local Cowpea Grown in Nigeria
Cowpea, a common nutritious legume in Nigeria, faces significant productivity challenges from the pod-boring pest, Maruca vitrata. This study investigated the nutritional differences between genetically modified varieties expressing Cry1Ab (a recombinant insecticidal toxin) and local cowpea varieties. Four cowpea varieties, including a transgenic variety (Sampea-20T), its non-transgenic counterpart (Sampea-10), and two improved varieties (Iron Beans and Ife Brown), commonly found in Nigerian markets, were evaluated for proximate, mineral and amino acid profiles using standard techniques. Sampea-20T and Sampea-10 were substantially similar in terms of crude protein, crude fiber, and crude fat, with slight differences in ash and carbohydrate content. Sampea-20T significantly differed from Ife brown and iron beans cowpea varieties in multiple nutritional components. Ife brown had a significant mineral profile, while Sampea-20T and Sampea-10 were similar except for potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg). Sampea-20T had notably higher levels of histidine, isoleucine, and leucine compared to the other varieties but lower levels of tryptophan. Sampea-20T had considerably higher levels of five out of nine non-essential amino acids compared to Sampea-10, along with comparable quantities to Ife brown and iron beans in four amino acids. This study has shown that there were no biologically significant differences (p<0.05) found among the compositional parameters measured in cowpea samples taken from the transgenic cowpea (Sampea-20T), its non-transgenic counterpart (Sampea-10), and local commercial varieties (Ife brown and Iron beans).
Evaluation of the Molluscicidal Effects of Aqueous and Ethanol Extracts of Carica papaya as Potential Molluscicides against B. pfeifferi, Adult Snails, a Vector of Schistosomiasis
The study was carried out to evaluation of the molluscicidal effects of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Carica papaya as potential molluscicides against B. pfeifferi, adult snails, a vector of schistosomiasis. The plant was sourced from Sokun village where it is traditionally used to treat infections. The stem bark were peeled and air dried at room temperature then crushed and sieved to standardized particles, and extracted in ethanol and distilled water. Phenols were the most abundant phytochemicals in all extracts except the seeds ethanol extracts where they were not detected. Cardiac glycosides were found in all the extracts but in trace amounts. Seeds extracts had high amounts of alkaloids while the stem lacked alkaloids. The extract of stem ethanol was the most effective, killing all the 10 snails (100%) exposed to it at the lowest and highest concentrations (50mg/l and 150mg/l). Other extracts that caused 100% mortality are the seeds ethanol extract (150 mg/l) and stem water extract (150mg/l). The maximum number of snails killed by the stem water extract was 104.65%. LD50 is the minimum dosage required to kill 50% of the snails. The extract of the stem ethanol had the lowest calculated LD50 of 2.437mg/l followed by the stem water extract (104.65mg/l). The water extract of the seed ethanol recorded the highest LD50 of 127.71mg/l. The maximum number of miracidia killed by the stem ethanol extract was 3 at a concentration of 10mg/l. 15mg/l and 5mg/l of the stem ethanol extract killed 1 miracidium each. The lowest LT50 was 70.77 minutes recorded for 10mg/l of the stem ethanol extract. LT values for 5mg/l and 10mg/l of seeds water extracts could not be computed because they did not kill miracidia. The results indicated that miracidia exhibited a high level of tolerance to all extracts from this plant. At low concentrations of 50,100 and 150µg/l no deaths were recorded for all plant extracts. When the concentrations were increased to 50, 100, and 150mg/l cercariae exhibited intolerance which was dose and time dependent. The ethanol extract of the seeds was the most lethal to cercariae. At a dosage of 100mg/l and 150mg/l all the 10 (100%) cercariae exposed to this extract were dead at 15 minutes and 45 minutes respectively. The highest concentration of seeds water extract killed a maximum of 5 cercariae. The results were subjected to Finney Probit analysis using Biostat 2009, to determine (LT50) for the plant extracts. This study provides baseline information which can be used by pharmaceutical companies, researchers and the ministry of health in their quest to develop new molluscicides.
Comparative Influence of Activated Charcoal on Surgical Wound-Healing Activity of Unripe and Ripe Banana (Musa Sapientum) Peel in Wistar Rats
This research study was aimed to compare the influence of activated charcoal on wound healing activity of unripe and ripe banana (Musa sapientum) peel gel in wistar rats. Fifty two wistar rats with an average weight of (190 + 0.08) g were divided into thirteen groups with four rats per group. For use in this research, 4 %, 8 %, 12 % and 16 % (w/w) creams were prepared from ground peels using paraffin base. 4 %, 8 %, 12 % and 16 % creams were supplemented with 1 g, 2 g, 3 g and 4 g of activated charcoal respectively. These creams were applied once daily for 20 consecutive days and the progress of wound healing was closely monitored using parameters such as rate of wound contraction, microbial load count, wound surface protein, Histology, scar area and tensile strength. These parameters were determined on post-wound days 4,8,12 and 16. Creams prepared from unripe banana (Musa sapientum) peel gel supplemented with activated charcoal showed greater wound healing activity when compared with the standard and creams prepared from ripe banana peel gel supplemented with activated charcoal. The highest rate of wound healing was observed in the groups of rats treated with 16% banana peel gel supplemented with 4 g of activated charcoal. The prophylactic effect elicited by Musa sapientum peel gel supplemented with activated charcoal in terms of wound contraction and related biochemical parameters strongly supports the positive influence of activated charcoal on wound-healing activity of Musa sapientum peel.
Phytochemical Composition and Biological Evaluation of Daniellia oliveri Root Bark Extracts
The research focused on examining the phytochemical components and biological properties of Daniellia oliveri (DO) root bark extracts. The study utilized quantitative phytochemical analysis and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify the chemical constituents. Furthermore, the investigation included assessments of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and the antimicrobial effects against reference strains of bacteria. This research contributes to the understanding of the potential medicinal properties of Daniellia oliveri and its role in combating free radical species and microbial infectious diseases. The quantitative phytochemical analysis of the sample revealed the presence of various components including flavonoids, phenolics, alkaloids, saponins, and tannins. Furthermore, the GC-MS profiling identified thirty-two compounds, with notable proportions of 1-Isopropyl-4,7-dimethyl, 1-1,2,3,5-hexahydronaphthalene (21.73%), Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (6.8%), 1-Heptadecanamine (5.36%), α-Calacorene (5.52%), and Tridecane (4.45%). The sample also exhibited a DPPH radical inhibition effect with a comparative IC50 value of 0.58 µg/mL, when compared to the synthetic reference compound with an IC50 value of 0.1 µg/mL. The antibacterial evaluation of DA root extract on some Gram positive strains; B.stearothermophilus, C. sporogenes, B. cereus, B. subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, M.luteus,, displayed moderate growth inhibition and bactericidal action toward B.stearothermophilus. B. cereus, M.luteus strains only. However, displayed a non-inhibitory effect toward Gram negative strains (P.aureginosa and K.pneumoniae) investigated. Hence, Daniellia oliveri displayed inhibitory effect on radical solution and reduced growth rate of bacterial colony, complementing the existing findings on the pharmacological effects of local herbs.
Comparative Evaluation of Anti-malarial activities of Methanol Leaf Extracts of Dialium guineense and Morinda lucida in Plasmodium berghei – Infected Mice
Malaria, a serious global health issue, has become increasingly difficult to treat due to drug resistance. As a result, researchers are focusing on finding new treatments, including those derived from medicinal plants. The pathogenesis of malaria involves significant changes in hematological and biochemical parameters. This study aims to compare the effectiveness of methanol leaf extracts from Dialium guineense and Morinda lucida in treating malaria in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. The methanol leaf extracts were subjected to Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry for the determination of bioactive compounds. Different doses of the extracts and Artesunate (20 mg/kg) were administered orally to the infected mice for five days, thereafter parasitaemia was monitored. The livers were collected for weighing and histological studies. The GC-MS results indicated the presence of large quantities of alpha tocopherol, squalene, linolenic acid and moderate levels of lupeol and other pharmacologically active compounds. At P< 0.05, there was significant suppression of parasitaemia in the groups of mice infected and treated with rated doses of the extracts and Artesunate. The infection induced significant hepatomegaly in the infected and untreated animals which were significantly ameliorated in the groups of infected mice treated with the rated doses of the extracts and Artesunate. Both extracts were effective in protecting against hepatomegaly and severe lesions in the histoarchitecture; validating their experiential use as remedies for malaria. However, when compared with the infected and untreated groups, the methanol leaf extract of M. lucida had a greater preventive effect in this study.
Utilization of microalgae and accumulation of lipids for biodiesel production from grey-water in Makurdi area of Benue State, Nigeria
This study was conducted to investigate the utilization of some microalgae for simultaneous remediation of grey-water and accumulation of lipid for biodiesel production. Isolation was achieved by serial dilutions of the algal suspension in Bold’s Basal medium (BBM). The algal DNA was isolated using cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB). Morphological analysis established that the shape, size, and colour of various isolates matched those of members of the genus Chlorella.Four pure algal cultures were isolated from the grey-water channel and designated Chlorella lewinii KU220 JNI1, Chlorella vulgaris. NEIST JNI3, Chlorella lewinii KU217 JNI6, and Chlorella spp. NC JNI8. The Chlorella strains were confirmed to the genus level by ITS2 rDNA as shown by BLAST. The FT-IR characterization of the biodiesel indicated peak region at 1745 cm–1 Chlorella spp. were isolated from grey-water which produced biodiesel with high yield per algae biomass 50 g of Chlorella spp. biomass generated 5.1 g of lipid which was converted to biodiesel from simple trans-esterification reaction. FT-IR spectrum revealed that Chlorella spp. lipids were converted tofatty acidmethyl ester (FAME) at 1745 cm-1 stretch, while the standard value for ester bond formation was obtained at 1744 cm-1 stretch. The physicochemical properties of the biodiesel produced from Chlorella spp. analyzed were all in accordance with the ASTM standard.
In vitro Evaluation of the Effects of Sodium Azide on the Germination and Seedling Development of Sesamum radiatum and Sesamum indicum
Mutation breeding is a widely recognized and effective method for enhancing crop production. Research has shown that induced mutations have the potential to significantly increase yield and improve various quantitative traits in plants. This method holds promise for the continued improvement of agricultural practices and the development of high-performing crop varieties. This study evaluated the mutagenic effects of sodium azide on seed germination and seedling development of two species of sesame. Sesamum radiatum and Sesamum indicum were subjected to varying concentrations of sodium azide ranging from 0.00% (control) - 0.250% for 24 hours after which they were grown in the laboratory. The mean weight of seed ranged between 1.97g in Sesamum indicum and 1.05g in Sesamum radiatum. The highest mean germination percentage was 98% and 100% for Sesamum radiatum and Sesamum indicum, respectively at day 7 with 0%, 0.0165%, 0.025%, 0.033% and 0.25% while the lowest average germination percentage was 86.67% and 98.33% produced by treatment levels: 0.033% and 0.063% for Sesamum radiatum and Sesamum indicum respectively. The analyses indicated that there was no interaction between species and sodium azide on germination percentage at P=0.54. The effect of treatments on species had no significant difference at P=0.97 on radicle length, number of days to foliage formation and length of hypocotyl. The analysis revealed that the main effect on species was found to be significant for germination percentage at a level of P≤ 0.05. Furthermore, radicle length, number of days to foliage formation, length of hypocotyl, and seedling height exhibited significant differences at P≤ 0.05, indicating that the species played a noteworthy role in these parameters. This suggests that species had a more pronounced influence on most of the parameters studied, underscoring the fact that different species reacted diversely to the mutagen.
Evaluation of Anti-fungal Properties of Pawpaw and Tamarind Leaf Extracts against Fusarium Head Blight in Both Wheat and Millet
This research on the production of antifungalwas focused on the prevention of Fusarium head blight (FHB) associated with the head wilt in both wheat and Millet, and the isolation and identification of fungi associated with Fusarium head blight in both Wheat and millet. Fusarium-damaged kernels (FDK) which are characterized as shrivelled, light, and dull greyish or pinkishof both wheat and millet., packaged in a clean polythene and transported the laboratory to preparation.500gms of the samples was disinfected in 70% ethanol for 1minute and then transferred to 10% sodium hypochlorite solution and allowed for 30mins before it was rinsed in three (3) changes of distilled water and air dried on foil paper. The samples solutions were transferred to potatoes dextrose agar (PDA) plates already prepared and we're incubated at 25°-37°C for 5days.The research work was able to confirm that Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium ventricosum are the major causes of Fusarium head blight in wheat and millet. However, secondary contaminants such as Aspergilusniger, Aspergilus flavus and Rhizopus were also present. The data collected in terms of occurrence of fungal isolates and mycelial growth per concentration of extracts for tamarind and pawpaw leaf were tabulated and analyzed using Chi-square and ANOVA using Duncan Post hoc in SPSS version 26. A p-value <.05 was considered statistically significant.
The Proximate, Phytochemical and Mineral Properties of Senna Occidentalis Leaf and some Local Feed Ingredients
This Senna occidentalis is a common tropical legume whose leave used to remedy many health challenges. These may be due to its nutritional status and can also be utilized as feed ingredient for fish and other domestic animals. The proximate, phytochemical and mineral properties of Senna occidentalis leaf will give insight of its bioactive components, nutritional and medicinal values. S. occidentalis collected from Fogbe and Lapai, in Niger state, Nigeria were investigated together with the proximate of soybean, maize and fishmeal purchased from Lapai market. The S. occidentalis leaves were air dried pulverized into powdered, soybean seed, maize and fish were also grind into powder. The proximate analyses of the feed ingredients were conducted. The phytochemical and mineral analyses of S. occidentalis leaf were done by using Atomic Absorption Spectrum (AAS). The S. occidentalis leaf has 30.83±4.59% protein, 2.95±1.41% moisture, 8.73±2.20 % ash, 18.12±2.12% fibre, 5.64±1.78% lipid and 33.73±1.00% carbohydrate contents. The proximate analyses show that fishmeal (67.35±5.55%) has high protein, soybean has high lipid (27.83±3.14%), and maize with high carbohydrate value of 79.47±1.07%. flavonoid (2.18±0.82mg/g) was high among the S. occidentalis leaf phytochemicals, phenolic compounds (1.58±0.75mg/g), alkaloid (1.23±0.32 mg/g) and saponin (0.33±0.01mg/g). S. occidentalis leaf was found to contain 105±0.43mg/L Chloride, 29.6±0.28mg/L calcium ion, 6.0±0.38mg/L sodium, 4.5±0.42mg/L nitrate, 3.0±0.08mg/L potassium, 0.07±0.01mg/L phosphate and 0.04±0.34mg/L nitrite that fall within normal range. With the foregoing constituents, S. occidentalis leaf has antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, antioxidant anti-inflammatory properties and also precursor for syntheses of bioactive substances.